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protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mRNA

A

messenger rna
formed in transcription

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2
Q

transfer rna

A

inolved in translation

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3
Q

ribosomal rna rRNA

A

SITE OF TRANSLATION
2 subunits

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4
Q

interfering rna RNAi

A

inhibits translation

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5
Q

contrast the structure of DNA with mRNS

A

DNA ds vs RNA ss
DNA LONGER
Thymine in DNA
deoxyribose sugar in DNA
hydrogen bonds
introns

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6
Q

define the term exon

A

base sequence coding for polypeptide

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7
Q

describe translation

A

mRNA binds to ribosomes
- ribosome finds START codon
- tRNA carrying a specific amino acids binds to mRNA codon
- tRNA anticodon specifically complementary to mRNA codon
- second tRNA molecule bringing amino acid binds to the codon site
- ribosome joins amino acids by peptide bonds
- using the energy from ATP
- tRNA released as ribosomes move along
- ribosome moves alomg the mRNA to form the polypeptide
- ribosome releases polypeptide into RER when stop codon reached

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8
Q

describe transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands and unwinds DNA double helix
- only one strand acts as a template
- free RNA nucleotides are attracted to the DNA bases via complementary base pairing
- A-U, C-G
- RNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together to form phosphodiester bonds
- condensation reaction
pre-mRNA spliced to remove introns

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9
Q

give 2 structural differences between trna and mrna

A

trna has hydrogen bonds
tRna has amino acid binding site
mRna linear vs tRNA cloverleaf
mRNA more nucleotides
mRNA codon vs tRNA anticodon

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10
Q

what is an allele

A

an allele is the different version of a gene

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11
Q

universal code

A

the same 3 bases on codon/triplet code for the same amino acids in all organisms

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12
Q

non-overlapping

A

each base is only part of one triplet/codon

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13
Q

degenerate

A

more than one triplet codes for an amino acid

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14
Q

3 bases =

A

DNA = triplet
mRNA = codon
tRNA = anticodon

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15
Q

define gene mutation

A

change to a single base in the DNA base sequence of a gene. happen randomly.
- changes 1 structure
-n changes position of weak hydrogenbonds
- alters 3 structure hanging H/IONIC AND DISULFIDE BONDS, altering active site and making protein non-functional

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16
Q

substitution mutations

A
  • silent mutation if at end of the triplet
  • code is degenerate
17
Q

addition/deletion mutations

A

frame shift, reading frame moves to either left or right
- early then all triplets altered, changing AA

18
Q

NAME some mutagenic agents

A
  • increase the rate of spontaneous mutation
  • high energy ionising radition: x rays/ gamma rays - damage the DNA bases and alter structure or interfere with replication
  • DNA reactive chemicals (benzene)
  • biological agents (viruses, bacteria)
19
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

in meiosis, the homologous chromosomes may fail to separate during metaphase 1 or 2
- chromosome non-disjunction
- down syndrome = chromosome 21 (3 copies not 2)

20
Q

inversion mutation

A

when a segment of bases is reversed from end to end

21
Q

duplication mutations

A

doubling of chromosome or genome

22
Q

translocation

A

base pairs relocate from one area of a genome to antoher, between non-homologous chromosomes

23
Q

biotic factors

A

predators
disease
competition
lack of prey
lack of food availability
presence of mates

24
Q

abiotic factors

A

weather
water levels
temperature
pH levels of soil
humidity
salinity

25
Q

assumption of serial dilution

A

each colony has arisen from a single cell

26
Q

number of bacteria in original sample

A

if 159 colonies on 1/1000 dilution agar plate
159 x 1000 = 1.59 x10^5 bacteria in original sample

27
Q

counting bacteria after a given number of replication

A

2^n times X
n - divisions of bacteria
x = number started with

28
Q

no of divisions in bacteria

A

log2n
n = bacteria present
loge = e^x
if exponential in graph, then shift log (log2)

29
Q

a mutation in the gene coding for an enzyme could lead to the production of a non-functional enzyme. explan how.

A
  • change in DNA base sequence of gene
  • change in amino acids/ 1 structure
  • change in 2 structyure
  • change in ionic/disluphide and hydrogen bond
  • change in 3 structure/ active site of enxyme
    no ESC form, no longer complementary
30
Q

not all mutations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene causes a change in the structure of a polypeptide. give 2 reasons why.

A
  • degenerate code, more than one triplet codes for an amino acid
  • mutation occurs in intron
31
Q

define intron

A

non-coding sequencees within a gene of DNA

32
Q

define non coding base sequences and describe where the non coding multiple repeats are positioned in the genome

A
  • DNA that doesnt code for a protein/amino acid
  • positioned between genes

Biology (29 decks)

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