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immunology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state 2 ways pathogens can cause harm/disease?

A
  • bacteria releases toxins that directly damage tissue
  • pathoigens replicate inside and destroy host ells
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2
Q

define an antigen

A
  • molecule that stimulates an immune response
  • results in the production of a specific antibody
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3
Q

examples of antigens

A

glycoproteins
glycolipids

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4
Q

retrovirus

A

virus with single stranded RNA

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5
Q

describe the non specific immune defence mechanism the body may launch against pathogens

A

phagocytosis
- pathogen is engulfed by the phagocyte
- engulfed pathogen enters cytoplasm in a vesicle (phagosome)
- lysosomes fuse with phagosome, releasing hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)
- lysozymes break down/hydrolyse the pathogen
- waste materials ejected via exocytosis
- phagocyte presents antigens on csm

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6
Q

describe how a pjhagocyte destroys a pathogen present in the blood

A
  • engulfs
  • forms a vesicle
  • lysosome fuses with vesicle
  • enzymes hydrolyse
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7
Q

give 2 other types of cells, other than pathigens, that stimulate an immune response

A
  • cells from other organisms
  • cancer/abnormal cells
  • cells infected by viruses
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8
Q

cellular response

A
  • phagocyte presents antigen on csm
  • T helper cell with a specific receptor binds to antigen, activating it
  • rapidly divides by mitosis
  • produces many T Helper cells with specifically complementary antigens
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9
Q

when a vaccine is given to a person, it leads to the production of antibodies against a disease causing organism. describe how.

A
  • vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
  • phagocyte presents antigen on csm
  • t helper cell with specifically complementary receptor binds to the antigen
  • t cell stimulates the b cell with a complementary antibody on its surface
  • b cell divides by mitosis
  • produces same antibody
  • b cells secrete large amounts of antibody
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10
Q

what is the role of the t helper cell

A
  • binds to APC
  • releases cytokines that attract phagocytes to area
  • releases cytokines that activate cytotoxic killer T cells (Tc)
  • activates specifically complementary b cell
  • form memory Th Cells
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11
Q

what is the role of cytotoxic killer t cells

A
  • destroys infected body cells presenting antigen
  • binds to APCs
  • releases perforin which creates holes in csm, destorying APC
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12
Q

explain how the humoral response leads to immunity

A
  • b cells specific to the antigen reproduce by mitosis
  • b cells produce plasma and memory cells
  • second infection produces antibodies in a larger quanitity and quicker
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13
Q

antibody

A

proteins made in response to antigens
- binding sites bind specifically to antigen
- specific antibody produced by a specific plasma cell

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14
Q

antibody structure

A
  • 4 structure, 4 polypeptide chains, Y shaped
  • variable region has different primary structure and didfferent 3 structure
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15
Q

describe and explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis

A
  • bind to antigen
  • cause clumping
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16
Q

how do antibodies assist in the destruction of pathogens?

A
  • aggultination: clump pathogens together after binding to antigens
  • opsonisation: mark pathogens so phagocytes recognise and destroy pathogens more easily
  • binds to toxins
  • prevent pathogens replication
17
Q

secondary response

A
  • activation of memory cells to produce antibodies
  • second is rapid and extensive
    “ more antibodies are produced more rapidly”
18
Q

antigenic variability

A

antigens mutate or change shape
eg: flu, HIV
- difficult to develop vaccines against it
- not recognised by memory cell, no 2ndary response

19
Q

describe the difference between active and passive immunity

A

active vs passive
- memory cells vs no memory cells
- production of antibodies via plasma cells vs passive involves antibody introduced from some outside source
- active long term because antibody produced in response to antigen
- passive short term because antibody broken down
- active takes time vs passive fast acting

20
Q

state why some antibodies are referred to as monoclonal

A
  • produced from the same plasma cell
  • countet the same specific antigen
21
Q

tests using monoclonal antibodies are specifc. use your knowledge of protein structure to explain why.

A
  • specific primary structure
  • specific tertiary structure
  • specifically complementary to one antigen
22
Q

vaccinations

A
  • contain dead, weakened pathogens
  • some may cause side effects
23
Q

herd immunity

A

if enough people are vaccinated, little chance of disease spreading
- even nonvax will be protected

24
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • resesarch
  • pregnancy tests/ ELISA tests
  • targetting drugs
  • killing specifc cells
25
Q

elisa test

A

monoclonal antibody fixed to surface of test well
- sample binds to antibody due to complementary shape
- second monoclonal antibody (with enzyme attached) added, binds to molecule
- washed so any unbound antibodies with enzyme are washed away
- substrate added, colour change=positive result

26
Q

describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive test result in an ELISA test

A
  • first antibody complementry to antigen
  • second antibody with enzyme attached is added
  • second antibody attaches to antigen
  • solution added and colour change
27
Q

describe the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A
  • RNA as genetic material
  • reverse transcriptase
  • protein capsid
  • phospholipid envelope
  • attachment proteins
28
Q

HIV replication

A
  • protein on HIV binds to protein found on T helper cells
  • capsid fuses with csm and releases viral RNA and enzymes into helper T cell
  • HIV’s reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into cDNA using host nucleotides
  • viral cDNA inserted into host genome in nucleus.
  • person now infected
  • transcription of viral DNA into viral RNA which is translated to produce HIV proteins
  • reduction in number of Th cells over time
29
Q

How can AIDS be detected?

A

checking number of T helper cells
200 Th cells in AIDS and 800-1200 Th uninfected
- compromises immune system so secondary infections more vulnerable to kill

30
Q

describe how a person infected with HIV will develop AIDS and die of secondary infections

A
  • high viral load leads to increase in destruction of T hekper cells
  • less activation of B cells
  • Less production of plasma cells/antibodies
  • more able to destroy other pathogens
31
Q

why dont antibiotics work on viruses?

A
  • prevent bacteria making a normal cell wall by targetting 70s ribosomes
  • unable to resist osmotic presure, cells burst due to increase cell volume of water by osmosis
  • viruses have capsid
  • spend time in host cell so out of reach

Biology (29 decks)

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