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Biology > p2: energy transfers > Flashcards

p2: energy transfers Flashcards

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1
Q

producers

A
  • autotrophic
  • build up organic compunds (eg: DNA, proteins) from simple molecules (eg: glucose, nitrates and phsophates)
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2
Q

consumers

A
  • heterotrophic: rely on source of organic compounds
  • eat producers
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3
Q

saprobionts

A

heterotrophic/saprotrophic
- break down complex organic compounds in dead organisms
- bacteria and fungi

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4
Q

biomass

A

total mass of carbon in
dry mass of tissue per given area

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5
Q

fresh mass (wet)

A
  • living
  • easy to access
  • variable water content
  • unreliable
  • variable food indigested
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6
Q

dry mass (mass of carbon)

A
  • dead
  • difficult to access
  • small sample size, may not be representative
  • unreliable as unethical to collect large samples
  • situational: may fluctuate
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7
Q

how woud you calculate the energy stored in biomass?

A
  • calorimetry
  • dry mas combusted in a sealed container
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8
Q

why do plants not absorb a large amount of sun energy?

A
  • some energy refleted
  • some light energy absorbed by water vapour in the atmosphere
  • some light energy the wrong wavelength
  • some light energy doesnt strike the chlorophyll
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9
Q

gross primary production

A
  • chemical energy store in biomass, in a given area or volume

light energy converted into organic molecules
- eg: glucose, cellulose, starch
- photosynthesis

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10
Q

net primary production equation

A
  • NPP: energy stored as biomass after respiratory losses accounted
  • NPP= GPP- R
  • NPP available for new plant growth and reproduction
  • kJ/ ha/ year
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11
Q

suggest what you should do to ensure that all the water is removed from a tissue

A
  • regularly weigh and heat
  • until mass is constant
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12
Q

the percentage of light energy trapped by producers is very low. explain three reasons why.

A
  • reflected/absorbed by water vapour
  • wrong wavelength
  • passes between chlorophylls
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13
Q

in natural ecosystems, most of the light falling producers is not used in photosynthesis. explain why.

A
  • light is reflected
  • light is wrong wavelength
  • light misses chlorphull
  • co2 conc or temperature is limitng factor
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14
Q

the biomass of primary consumers is less than the biomass of producers. explain why.

A
  • large amounts may be indigestible and lost by animal as faeces
  • not all plant may be eaten (eg: roots)
  • some energy lost as excretion and urine
  • energy lost in respiration
  • energy lost as heat to the environment
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15
Q

describe how and explain why the efficiency of energy transfer is different at different stages of the transfer.

A
  • some light energy fials to strike the chlorophyll
  • some light energy may not be the correct wavelength
  • efficiency of photosynthesis in plants is low/ 2%
  • energy lost in excretion and respiration
  • lost as heat
  • efficiency lower in older animals
  • carnivores use more of their food thank herbivores
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16
Q

equation to calculate the net production of consumers

A

N = I - (F +R)
N = net production
I= energy store of ingested food
f= energy lost in faeces
R= energy lost in respiration

17
Q

efficiency equation

A

energy after transfer / energy before transfer
x100

18
Q

yield can be determined by measuring the dry mass of plants. suggest how you could determine the dry mass of a sample of plant material.

A
  • heat at 100 degrees to evaporate water
  • weigh and heat until mass is constant
19
Q

what is the advantage of using dry mass and not fresh mass to compare the yields of plants?

A
  • water content is variable
  • will not affect dry/fresh mass
20
Q

explain how the intensive rearing of domestic livestock increases net productivity

A
  • restricting movement so less respiratory loss due to less muscle contraction
  • keeping animals indoors and warm to reduce heat loss
  • slaughtered when still growing so more energy transferred to biomass
  • controlled diets so less loss in faeces
  • genetically selectred for high productivity
21
Q

monoculture

A
  • one crop grown over large area
  • easy for disease to spread and insects travel
  • reduces biodiversity (via less niches, less food sources)
22
Q

describe the need for plants to PS and respire

A
  • in the dark no ATP production in PS
  • some tissues unable to PS
  • ATP cant be moved from cell to cell
  • plants use more ATP than produced in PS
  • ATP for active transport
  • ATP for synthesis of (eg: DNA)
23
Q

the concentrations of CO2 in the air at different heights above the ground in a forest changes within 24 hours. use your knowledge of PS to desxcribe why these changes occur and explain them.

A
  • high C2 cnc in night
  • no PS in dark
  • in dark, plants RP
  • light of PS > rate of RP in light
  • co2 higher with height
  • ground level, less leaves

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