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Biology > p2: muscles > Flashcards

p2: muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

smooth muscles

A
  • contract without conscious control
  • walls of internal organs eg: stomach, intestine
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2
Q

cardiac muscles

A
  • contract without conscious control (myogenic)
  • only found in heart
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3
Q

skeletal muscles

A
  • striated
  • attached to bone by tendons
  • used in locomotion (movement)
    eg: biceps and triceps
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4
Q

agonist and antagonist

A

agonist: muscle contracting
antagonist: muscle relaxing

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5
Q

describe the banding pattern in striated muscle

A
  • lightest band is i band, actin only
  • darkest band is overlapping region, actin and myosin
  • medium shading is H zone, myosin only
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6
Q

describe the sliding filament theory

A
  • crossbridges between actin and myosin heads
  • power stroke, movement of myosin heads
  • detachments of myosin heads
  • energy from ATP returns myosin heads to original position
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7
Q

describe the function of calcium ions in muscle contraction

A
  • calcium ions bind to troponin to form tropomyosin
  • exposes actin binding sites
  • myosin head attaches
  • activates ATP hydrolase
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8
Q

nerve impulses arriving at the presynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction results in the shorterning of the sarcomere. describe how.

A
  • entry of calcium ions
  • vesicles fuse with preSN membrane and release acetylcholine
  • neurotransmitter diffuses
  • binds to receptors on postSN
  • depolarisation of post SN
  • release of Ca ions
  • bind to troponin
  • expose binding sites on actin
  • actinomyosin cross bridges form
  • myosin head moves
  • ATP hydrolase activated
  • rachet mechanism
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9
Q

sliding filament theory

A

Ca ions rleeased from sarcoplasmic reticuluum into sarcoplasm
- ca ions diffuse and bind to troponin, cause a change in 3 sturtcure
- cause tropomyosin to move exposing the myosin head binding sites on actin filament
- myosin heads bind to actin binding sites forming actinomyosin bridges
- myosin head moves pulling actin filament
- atp binds to myosin head, activates ATP hydrolase, energy released by hydrolysis recocks yosin head

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10
Q

explain the importance of ATP hydrolase dyring muscle contraction

A
  • hydrolysis of ATP releases energy
  • breaks actinomyosin crossbridges
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11
Q

muscle contraction requires ATP. what are the advantages of using aerobic rathet than anaerobic RP to provide ATP in long distance race?

A
  • aerobic RP releases MORE energy/produces more ATP
  • no lactate produced
  • avoids cramps
  • CO2 removed by breathing
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12
Q

why is ATP required?

A
  • provides energy for sliding of filaments during contraction
  • active transport of ca ions into sarcoplasmic reticuluum
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13
Q

ATP and phosphocreatine

A
  • donates Pi to ADP to produce ATP
  • ADP + phosphocreatine > ATP + creatine
  • energy released from hydrolysis of phosphocreatine used to phosphorykate ATP, whihc is used in muscle contraction
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14
Q

slow twitch fibres

A
  • slow contractions over long periods of time
  • slower rate of contraction
  • slow to fatigue
  • in legs and maintain posture
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15
Q

fast twitch fibres

A
  • produce strong, rapid contractions
  • faster speed of contraction
  • short time periods
  • fast to fatigue due to build up of lactate
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16
Q

contrast fast and slow twitch muscle fibres

A

slow vs fast
- large store of myoglobin
- large supply of capillaries vs fewer
- fewer glycogen vs more
- less extensive SR
- more mitochondria
- aerobic energy system vs anaerobic
- smaller in diameter
- no phosphocreatine

17
Q

a muscle fibre contracts when it is stimulated by a motor neuron. describe how transmission occurs across the synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle fibre.

A
  • Ca channel proteins open
  • Ca ions enter
  • vesicles fuse with preSN membrane
  • release acetylcholine
  • diffusion across synapse
  • binds to receptor in postSN
18
Q

after death, cross bridges remain firmly bound resulting in rigor mortis. explain what causes crossbridges to remain firmly bound.

A
  • RP stops
  • no ATP produced
  • ATP required to break actinomyosin bridges
19
Q

describe the role of calcium ions in the contraction sarcomere

A
  • interacts with tropomyosin
  • reveals myosin binding heads on actin filament
  • actinomyosin crossbrdiges form
  • activates ATP hydrolase
20
Q

describe how slow twitch muscle fibres work

A
  • lots of mitochondria
  • more myoglobin
21
Q

describe how fast twitch muscle fibres

A
  • used for rapid contractions
  • phosphocreatine makes more ATP
  • anaerobic respiration involved
  • ATP used to reform phosphocreatine
  • no myoglobin in fast twitch
  • lots of phosphocreatines in fast twitch
22
Q

describe thge role of phosphocreatine

A
  • provides energy and phosphorylates
  • to make ATP from ADP and Pi
23
Q

people who have mcardles disease produce less ATP than healthy people. as a result, cant maintain strong muscle contractions during exercise.

use knowledge of sliding filament theory to suggest why,

A
  • axtinomyosin bridges form
  • power stroke
  • detachment of myosin heads
  • myosin heads move back to original position
24
Q

describe the role played by tropomyosin and myosin in myofibril contractions

A

tropomyosin:
- moves out of the way when ca ions bind
- actinomyosin bridges form

myosin:
- head of myosin binds to actin and pulled it over it
- detaches and resets
- uses ATP

25
Q

the mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. explain the advantage of this.

A
  • larger SA for ETC
  • provides ATP
26
Q

explain why increased cardiac output is an advantage during exercise

A
  • in exercise, more respirTION
  • higher cardiac output increases oxygen supply to respiring muscles
  • increases glucose supply to muscles
  • increases CO2 removal from muscles
  • increases heat removal from muscles

Biology (29 decks)

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