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Biology > biodiversity > Flashcards

biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define biodiversity

A

the number of species and the number of individuals of each species in one community

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2
Q

species richness

A

number of different species in a community

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3
Q

community

A

all the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

species

A

group of similar organisms with the same genes
that reproduce to produce a fertile offspring

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5
Q

genetic diversity

A

difference in DNA base sequences

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6
Q

niche

A

an organism’s role in the ecosystem; how it interacts with other species and responds to the environment
(No 2 species occupy the same niche due to inTERspecific competition)

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7
Q

habitat

A

place where organism usually lives in an ecosystem

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8
Q

diversity index

A

d= N(N-1) / Σ n(n-1)
- answer 2dp
- higher value = greater diversity

d: species diversity index
N: total number of organisms of all species
n: total number of organisms of each species
Σ: sum of

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9
Q

what information is required to calculate an index of diversity?

A
  • number of species
  • number of individuals in each species
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10
Q

the number of species present is one way to measure biodiversity. explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity.

A
  • also measures number of individuals in a species
  • some species may be present in low/high numbers
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11
Q

give 2 advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than an indicator species

A
  • you do not need to identify each species
  • index considers number of organisms of each species
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12
Q

suggest one economic argument for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • pharmaceutical uses
  • commerical products
  • agriculture
  • tourism
  • svaing local forest communities
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13
Q

farming

A
  • reduces species diversity
  • natural plants and animals lost when land cleared
  • reduces variety of food sources for habitats
  • growth of specific crops controlled
  • pesticides and herbicides
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14
Q

a forest was cleared tk maje more land available for agriculture. After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased. explain why.

A
  • decrease in variety of plants
  • fewer habitats
  • decrease in variety of food
  • clearing forest kills insects via pesticides, machinery
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15
Q

farmers clear tropical forests and grow crops instead. explain how this causes the diversity of insects in the area to decrease

A
  • lower diversity of plants
  • fewer sources of food
  • few habitats
  • fewer herbivores so few carnivores
  • agriculture involves killing insects via pesticides
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16
Q

classification

A

grouping of organisms

17
Q

taxonomy

A

theory and practice of classification

18
Q

define species

A

group of siilar organisms able to reproduce and form a fertile offspring

19
Q

binomial naming system

A
  • universal
  • latin/greek names
    first: Genus
    second: species
  • written in italics or underlines
  • genus with capital letter
    eg: Homo sapien
20
Q

classification system info

A
  • placed into taxa (groups) based on shared characteristics
  • 8 levels of taxa
  • forms a hierarchy: groups are contained within larger groups
  • no overlap, only belong to one taxon
21
Q

why is the classification system classed as a hierarchy

A

groups are contained within larger groups

22
Q

archaea domain

A
  • single celled prolaryotes
  • genes are similar to eukaryotes
  • ether bonds instead of ester in triglycerides
  • no murein in cell walls
  • more complex RNA polymerase
23
Q

bacteria domain

A
  • no membrane bound organelles (eg: no mitochondria, golgi, RER)
  • smaller ribosomes. 70s
  • murein cell wall
  • circular DNA
24
Q

CLASSIFICATION ORDER

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

25
Q

name the taxonomic group between order and genus

A

family

26
Q

explain what is meant by a hierarchy

A

groups within groups
no overlap

27
Q

explain what is meant by a phylogenetic group

A
  • grouped according to evolutionary history/common ancestors
28
Q

courtship behaviour

A
  • genetically determined
  • more clsoely related organisms present same behaviour
  • attract mate of right species and right sex
29
Q

give five ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating

A
  • attracts same species
  • attracts opposite sex
  • indication of sexual maturity
  • stimulates release of gametes
  • form pair bond
30
Q

modern classification systems

A
  • use the frequency of observable characteristics
  • base sequence of DNA/mRNA
  • SIMILARITIES in genome
  • amino acid sequence of the proteins coded by DNA and mRNA
31
Q

in classification, comparing the base sequence of a gene provides more information than comparing the amino acif sequence for the gene codes. explain why

A
  • more bases than amino acids
  • introns
  • DNA code is degenerate
32
Q

comparing the base sequence of genes provides more evolutionary information than comparing the structure of proteins. explain why,

A
  • introns
  • degenerate DNA code
  • more bases than amino acids
33
Q

give 2 ways doctors could use base sequences to compare different types of HPV

A
  • compare DNA base sequence
  • compare mRNA base sequence
  • look for mutationa
34
Q

describe how comparisons of biological molecules in 2 species could be used to idetify if theyre closely related

A
  • compare DNA base sequence
  • compare RNA base sequence
  • DNA hybridisation to break Hydrogen bonds, temperature required to separate strands indicates relationship
  • genetic variation
  • compare sequence of nucleotides and amino acifds
  • compare mitochondria
  • obtain antibodies, amount of precipitate indicates relationship
35
Q

explain how natural selection produces changes within a species

A
  • variation due to mutation
  • predation results in differential survival
  • soem have better adaptations for survival
  • differential reproducite success
  • pass on advantageous alleles
  • changes allelic frequencies
36
Q

scientists’ analysis of blood proteins indicated a lack of genetic diversit in populations of some organisms. describe the processes that lead to a reduction of the genetic diversity of populations of organisms

A
  • reduces numver of different alleles
  • founder effect
  • few individuals from the population become isolates
  • genetic bottlenecks
  • significant fall in size of population
  • selective breeding
  • using organissm with particular phenotype/traits
37
Q

scientists can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationships between different species

A
  • amino acid sequence/ primary structure
  • closer the amino acid sequence the closer the relationship
  • protein structure related to DNA base sequence
38
Q

what is meant by genetic bottleneck

A
  • sudden decrease in population by an event (eg: earthquake)
  • reduced genetic diversity
  • smaller gene pool
39
Q

suggest one ethical argument for maintaining biodiversity

A
  • prevent extinction
  • prevents loss of habitats

Biology (29 decks)

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