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Biology > mass transport in humans > Flashcards

mass transport in humans Flashcards

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1
Q

heart structure

A
  • deO2 blod enters the vena cava from body and enters the right atria
  • blood passes into ventricles via atrioventricular valve and out via the semi lunar valve into the pulmonary artery
  • blood passes lungs into heart via pulmonary vein
  • blood passes through atrioventricular valve ito left ventricle and through semi lunar valve into aorta and body tissues
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2
Q

explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into capillaries

A
  • muscle contracts
  • contstricts lumen
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3
Q

describe how the heart muscle and the heart valves maintain a one way flow of blood from the left atria to the aorta

A
  • atria has higher pressure than the ventricle
  • AV valve opens
  • ventricle has higher pressure than the atria
  • AV valve closes
  • Ventricle has higher pressure than aorta
  • semi lunar valve opens
  • higher pressure in aorta than ventricle
  • SL valve closes
  • contraction causes increase in pressure
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4
Q

pressure changes valve graph

A

COCO
1. AV CLOSE
2, SL OPEN
3. SL CLOSE
4. AV OPEN

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5
Q

cardiac output equation

A

CO = SV x HR
SV: volume of blood expelled from LV in one cycle
HR: number of cardiac cycles per minute
units: dm3/min

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6
Q

risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  • high cholesterol diet; increases levels of LDL
  • high lipid diet
  • lack of exercise
  • smoking
  • age
  • STRESS
  • gender
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7
Q

define mass flow

A

bulk movement of liquids (and gases) due to a pressure difference.
- closed more efficient than open systems

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8
Q

role of the liver

A

processes absorbed food molecules (eg: glucose and amino acids)
- hepatic artery: tagkes blood from aorta to liver
- hepatic vein: blood from liver to vena cava
- hepatic portal vein: blood from intestines to liver

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9
Q

role of kindey

A

osmoregulation
exctretion of nitrgoenous waste
- renal artery and vein: blood to and from kidney

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10
Q

artery structure

A
  • thick walls to withstand high pressure
  • endothelial layer reduces friction
  • elastic layer recoils when high BP passes, maintains hydrostatic pressure of the blood
  • outer layer to give strength to the wall
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11
Q

capillary structure

A
  • only endothelial layer
  • small diameter, greater friction, reduces BP
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12
Q

veins structure

A
  • larger luman
  • lower pressure blood
  • muscle layer thinner than artery no need for vasoconstriction
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13
Q

pressure in arteries

A
  • flow is fast
  • high pressure due to contraction of LEFT ventricle
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14
Q

pressure in capillaries

A
  • increases cross sectional area causes increased friction
  • lower BP
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15
Q

CAPILLARY adaptations

A
  • very thin walls: increases rate of diffusion
  • numerous and branched: increases SA for diffusion
  • narrow lumen: ensures RBCS in contact with the wall, increase SA, reduces diffusion distance
  • wall spaces/fenestrations - allow rapid formation of tissue fluid and WBCs to pass
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16
Q

ultrafiltration

A

hydrostatic pressure (HP) higher in blood than tissue fluid, so water forced out of capillary fenestrations
- crates a water potential fgradient, allows osmosis to return water

17
Q

describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system

A

formation
- high hydrostatic pressure
- forces fluid out
- large proteins remain in capillary

Return
- lowers water potential in capillary
- due to the plasma proteins
- water enters capillary
- by osmosis

18
Q

decribe how the movement of of the diaphragm leads to air in the lungs

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens
- volume of lungs increase
- pressure inside lungs lower than atmospheric pressure
- air moves into lungs

19
Q

describe and explain how the lungs are adapted for rapid exchange of oxygen between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries around them

A
  • many alveoli walls folded to provide a large SA
  • many capillaries provide a large SA so fast diffusion
  • alveolar walls are thin so shorter diffusion distance
  • squamous epitheliun so shorter diffusion distance
  • ventilation so maintains a cg
20
Q

describe the pathway taken by an oxygen molecule from an alveoli to the blood

A
  • across alveoli epithelium
  • endothelium of capillary
21
Q

arteries and arterioles take blood away from the heart. explain how the structures of the walls of the arteries and arterioles are related to their functions

A

ELASTIC TISSUE
- elastic tissue stretches when under pressure
- recoils
- evens out pressure

MUSCLE
- muscle contracts
- reduces diamter of lumen
- changes pressure

EPITHELIUM
- smooth epithelium
- reduces friction

22
Q

the thickness of the aorta wall changes all the time during each cardiac cycle. explain why

A
  • aorta wall stretches
  • because ventricle contracts/systole
  • aorta wall recoils
  • because ventricle relaxes/diastole
  • maintains smooth pressure

Biology (29 decks)

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