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1. Renal > Prostate cancer > Flashcards

Prostate cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transitional zone of the prostate?

A

surrounds the prostatic urethra

gives rise to BPH

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2
Q

What is the central zone of the prostate?

A

cone shaped around the ejaculatory ducts

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3
Q

What is the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A

origin of up to 70% prostate adenocarcinomas

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4
Q

Where in the world has the highest stats of prostate cancer?

A

western world

black>Caucasian

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5
Q

What genes may be mutated in prostate cancer?

A

chromosome 1q, 8p, Xp and BRACA2 gene

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6
Q

What is the general presentation of prostate cancer?

A 
lower urinary tract symptoms
haematuria
haematospermia
bone pain
weight loss
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7
Q

How are prostate cancers diagnosed?

A

PR and PSA levels

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8
Q

What are the PR findings of prostate cancer?

A

asymmetry, nodule, craggy

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9
Q

What is PSA?

A

a glycoprotein - kallikrein like serine protease

produced by the secretory epithelium of the prostate glands

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10
Q

What is the role of PSA?

A

liquification of semen

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11
Q

What are the normal levels of semen and serum PSA?

A

semen levels = high

serum levels = low

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12
Q

What causes a raised PSA?

A

anything that causes inflammation

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13
Q

What should be done if there is an abnormal PR exam and increased PSA?

A

trans rectal USS guided prostate biopsy - 10 biopsys taken

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14
Q

What type of cancers are >95% of prostate cancers?

A

adenocarcinomas

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15
Q

Where do prostate cancers usually mestesise to?

A

pelvic lymph nodes

bones - sclerotic lesions

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16
Q

How are prostate cancers graded?

A

Gleasons Scoring

17
Q

How are organ confined prostate cancers treated?

A

watchful waiting
surgery - prostatectomy
radiotherapy

18
Q

How are locally advanced prostate cancers treated?

A

radiotherapy with Neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy

19
Q

How are metastatic prostate cancers treated?

A

androgen deprivation therapy - anti androgens, LHRH analogues
bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy
steroids
cytotoxic chemo

20
Q

What is growth of prostate cancer cells under the influence of?

A

testosterone and dihydrotesterone

21
Q

What is the role of hormonal LHRH analogues?

A

cause a down expression of LHRH receptors which suppress pituitary LH and FSH secretion and therfore tesosterone production

22
Q

What are the side effects of hormonal LHRH analogues?

A 
spinal cord compression
weight gain
hot flushes
osteoporosis 
loss of libedo 
ED
23
Q

What are the roles of antiandrogens?

A

compete with testosterone and DHT for binding sites on their receptors in the prostate cell nucleus - which promotes apoptosis and CaP growth

24
Q

What is a risk factor for prostate cancer?

A

cadmium batteries

25
Q

Do the most aggressive nasty prostate cancers produce PSA?

A

no!

26
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophied detrouser muscle and enlarged prostate = obstructed urinary flow

1. Renal (28 decks)

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