Anatomy Flashcards
What comprises the upper urinary tract?
kidney and ureters
What comprises the lower urinary tract?
bladder and urethra
What urinary tract organs are retroperitoneal?
kidney and ureters
What urinary tract organs are found in the abdomen?
kidney
proximal ureters
What urinary tract organs are found in the pelvis?
distal ureters
bladder
proximal urethra
What urinary tract organs are found in the perineum?
distal urethra
What is the order, anterior to posterior, of the structures of the hilum of the kidney?
vein, artery, ureter
What are the kidneys enclosed within?
renal capsule
What is the order of the layers around the kidney, from outside to in?
visceral peritoneum paranephric fat renal fascia perineprhic fat renal capsule
What is the role of the layers around the kidney?
provide protection
What vertebrae level is the right kidney found?
L1-3
What vertebrae level is the left kidney found?
T12-L1
How do the kidneys move on inspiration?
inferiorly
Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?
lumbar nodes
Where does lymph from the ureters drain to?
lumbar and iliac nodes
What are the blood supplies to the ureters?
renal artery abdominal aorta common iliac internal iliac vesicle artery
How are aortic aneurysms named?
depending on their relationship to the renal arteries
How does an infrarenal AAA come about?
atherosclerosis causes renal artery stenosis and an AAA
How does an suprarenal AAA come about?
occlusion of renal artery by the aneurysm causes the stenosis
What is contained in the renal medulla?
renal pyramids - which contain regularly arranged nephrons which give the pyramids their striped appearance
What are the 3 points of constriction of the urinary tract?
pelviureteric junction
ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
ureteric orifice - opening into the trigone
What are renal calculi?
kidney stones
How do renal calculi form?
urine calcium salts - seen on Xray
What type of muscle does the ureter have?
smooth muscle
How does the ureteric smooth muscle act in response to an obstruction?
contracts in a peristalsis like movement - causing colicky pain
What is hydronephrosis?
water in the kidney
- due to urine back pressure into the calyces that compresses the nephrons within the medullary pyramids leading to renal failure
What does acute hydronephrosis cause?
painful stretching of the renal capsule
What comprises the false pelvis?
from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet
What seperates the false pelvis and the true pelvis?
pelvic rim
What comprises the true pelvis?
pelvic inlet to the pelvic floor
At what level do the ureters enter the posterior aspect of the bladder?
ischial spine level
What type of structures are the ureters?
sub peritoneal (below the peritoneum)
Where do pelvic veins drain to?
internal iliac vein
What is the trigone?
triangle shape on the internal aspect of the bladder
What makes up the trigone?
made up of the 2 urethral orifices and the internal urethral orifice
What muscle contracts when the bladder contracts to prevent the reflux of urine?
detrouser
What contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder?
internal urethral spinchter
Where does the bladder sit when empty?
in pelvis
Where does the bladder sit when full?
extends out of the pelvis
What is the role of the epididymis?
storage of semen
What is the role of the seminal gland?
produces semen
What are the two types of urethra?
spongy
prostatic
What causes an hydrocele?
excess water within the tunica vaginalis
Where can the vas deferens be palpated?
within the spermatic cord
What are the zones of the prostate gland?
peripheral zone
central zone
Which zone of the prostate gland do cancers more normally start?
peripheral zone
What is the blood supply to the penis?
deep arteries of the penis
branches of the internal pudendal artery from the internal iliac
What is the blood supply to the scrotum?
dual supply:
internal pudendual
branches from the external iliac
What is the lymphatic drainage from the scrotum and most of the penis?
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
What is the lymphatic drainage from the testis?
lumbar nodes around the aorta
