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1. Renal > Physiology 1-3 > Flashcards

Physiology 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define osmolarity?

A

concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

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2
Q

What is the equation for osmolarity?

A

molar concentration x number of osmotically active particles

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3
Q

What does tonicity mean?

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

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4
Q

What is the average osmotic concentration of the ECF and ICF?

A

300

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5
Q

What is the osmolarity of an isotonic solution?

A

300 - same

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6
Q

What is the osmolarity of an hypotonic solution?

A

<300 - cell swells

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7
Q

What is the osmolarity of an hypertonic solution?

A

> 300 - cell shrinks

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8
Q

What also needs to be taken into account for tonicity?

A

cell membrane permeability

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9
Q

What percentage of total body is water for males and females?

A 
males = 60%
females = 50%
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10
Q

Why do females have less total body water than males?

A

they have more fat and fat doesnt like water

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11
Q

What is the ECF made up of?

A

20% plasma

80% interstitial fluid

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12
Q

How are body fluid compartments measured?

A

tracers

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13
Q

What tracer can be used to measure total body water?

A

3H2O

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14
Q

What tracer can be used to measure ECF?

A

inulin

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15
Q

What tracer can be used to measure plasma?

A

labelled albumin

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16
Q

How is total body weight calculated?

A

ICF + ECF

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17
Q

How is volume of distribution measured?

A

dose / sample concentration

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18
Q

Does Na have a higher concentration in the ICF or ECF?

A

ECF

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19
Q

Does K have a higher concentration in the ICF or ECF?

A

ICF

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20
Q

What would happen to the ECF when it had an increased osmotic concentration?

A

lose water but not salt

become hypertonic so decrease in cell size

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21
Q

What would happen to the ECF when it had an decreased osmotic concentration?

A

would gain water, not salt

become hypotonic so increase in cell size

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22
Q

Is Na in the ICF?

A

NO

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23
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the ECF and ICF if the ECF gains NaCl?

A

ECF increases

ICF decreases

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24
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the ECF and ICF if the ECF loses NaCl?

A

ECF decreases

ICF increases

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25
Q

What can intracellular K leakages lead to?

A

muscle weakness

cardiac irregularities

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26
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin?

A

makes the blood thinner

RBC production

27
Q

How does the kidney affect vitamin D?

A

converts it into its active form calcitrol

28
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

juxtamedullary

cortical

29
Q

What are the characteristics of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

produce more concentrated urine

have a vasa recta

30
Q

What are the characteristics of cortical nephrons?

A

shorter loops of henle

have peritubular networks of capillaries

31
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

where the afferent and efferent arterioles form a fork coming out of the glomerulus

32
Q

Does the afferent or efferent arteriole have a greater diameter?

A

afferent

33
Q

What type of muscle makes up the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

smooth muscles

34
Q

What happens when the afferent arterioles contract?

A

less blood flows into the glomerulus

35
Q

What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?

A

type 4 collagen
protoglycans
lamina

36
Q

Where are granular and macula densa cells found?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

37
Q

What is the role of the granular cells?

A

secreting renin

38
Q

What is the role of macula densa cells?

A

sense the amount of NaCl in the tubular fluid as it passes through the juxtaglomerular apparatus

39
Q

What percentage of plasma that enters the glomerulus is not filtered?

A

80%

40
Q

What percentage of plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered?

A

20%

41
Q

What is the equation for rate of filtration?

A

[X]plasma x GFR

42
Q

What is the equation for rate of excretion?

A

[X]urine x Vu (urine production rate)

43
Q

What is the equation for rate of secretion?

A

rate of excretion of X - rate of filtration of X

44
Q

What are the 3 glomerular filtration barriers?

A

glomerular capilary endothelium - barrier to RBCs
basement membrane - plasma protein barrier
slit process of Podocytes - plasma protein barrier

45
Q

What is the net filtration pressure for filtration between bowmans capsule and the glomerulus?

A

10

46
Q

What are the forces going into bowmans capsule?

A

glomerular capillary blood pressure - 55mmHg

bowmans capsule oncotic pressure - 0mmHg

47
Q

What are the forces going into the glomerulus?

A

bowmans capsule hydrostatic fluid pressure - 15mmHg

capillary oncotic pressure - 30mmHg

48
Q

What is GFR?

A

the rate at which protein free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into Bowmans capsule per unit time

49
Q

What is the GFR equation?

A

Kf (filtration coefficient) x net filtration pressure

50
Q

What is a major determinant of GFR?

A

glomerular capillary fluid pressure

51
Q

How is blood flow and glomerular filtration regulated extrinsically?

A

sympathetic control via baroreceptor reflex

52
Q

How is blood flow and glomerular filtration regulated intrinsically?

A

auto regulation via myogenic mechanisms and tubular feedback mechanisms

53
Q

What is the affect of increased arterial blood flow on the glomerulus?

A

increased blood flow to the glomerulus

increased capillary blood pressure which increases net filtration pressure which increases GFR

54
Q

What happens to urine volume when there is a fall in BP?

A

urine volume decreases to compensate

55
Q

What are the myogenic mechanisms that do intrinsic auto regulation?

A

vascular smooth muscle is stretched because arterial pressure is increased so it contracts and then constricts the arteriole

56
Q

What are the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms that do intrinsic auto regulation?

A

involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus

if GFR rises, more NaCl will flow through the arterioles leading to constriction of the afferent arteriole

57
Q

What is the equation of plasma clearance?

A

rate of excretion / plasma concentration

58
Q

What is the clearance of glucose? Why?

A

0 = it is not secreted at all

59
Q

What is the clearance of urea? Why?

A
60
Q

What is the clearance of H? Why?

A

> GFR = it is secreted but not reabsorbed

61
Q

What is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow?

A

para-amino hippuric acid (PAH)

62
Q

Why is PAH used to measure renal plasma flow?

A

freely filtered at the glomerulus
secreted into the tubule
then completely cleared from plasma

63
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

A

GFR / renal plasma flow

1. Renal (28 decks)

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