Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1. Renal > Physiology 1-3 > Flashcards

Physiology 1-3 Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define osmolarity?

A

concentration of osmotically active particles present in a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the equation for osmolarity?

A

molar concentration x number of osmotically active particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does tonicity mean?

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the average osmotic concentration of the ECF and ICF?

A

300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the osmolarity of an isotonic solution?

A

300 - same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the osmolarity of an hypotonic solution?

A

<300 - cell swells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the osmolarity of an hypertonic solution?

A

> 300 - cell shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What also needs to be taken into account for tonicity?

A

cell membrane permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of total body is water for males and females?

A 
males = 60%
females = 50%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do females have less total body water than males?

A

they have more fat and fat doesnt like water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the ECF made up of?

A

20% plasma

80% interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are body fluid compartments measured?

A

tracers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tracer can be used to measure total body water?

A

3H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What tracer can be used to measure ECF?

A

inulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tracer can be used to measure plasma?

A

labelled albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is total body weight calculated?

A

ICF + ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is volume of distribution measured?

A

dose / sample concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does Na have a higher concentration in the ICF or ECF?

A

ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does K have a higher concentration in the ICF or ECF?

A

ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What would happen to the ECF when it had an increased osmotic concentration?

A

lose water but not salt

become hypertonic so decrease in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What would happen to the ECF when it had an decreased osmotic concentration?

A

would gain water, not salt

become hypotonic so increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is Na in the ICF?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the ECF and ICF if the ECF gains NaCl?

A

ECF increases

ICF decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to the osmolarity of the ECF and ICF if the ECF loses NaCl?

A

ECF decreases

ICF increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What can intracellular K leakages lead to?
muscle weakness | cardiac irregularities
26
What is the role of erythropoietin?
makes the blood thinner | RBC production
27
How does the kidney affect vitamin D?
converts it into its active form calcitrol
28
What are the two types of nephron?
juxtamedullary | cortical
29
What are the characteristics of juxtamedullary nephrons?
produce more concentrated urine | have a vasa recta
30
What are the characteristics of cortical nephrons?
shorter loops of henle | have peritubular networks of capillaries
31
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
where the afferent and efferent arterioles form a fork coming out of the glomerulus
32
Does the afferent or efferent arteriole have a greater diameter?
afferent
33
What type of muscle makes up the afferent and efferent arterioles?
smooth muscles
34
What happens when the afferent arterioles contract?
less blood flows into the glomerulus
35
What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?
type 4 collagen protoglycans lamina
36
Where are granular and macula densa cells found?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
37
What is the role of the granular cells?
secreting renin
38
What is the role of macula densa cells?
sense the amount of NaCl in the tubular fluid as it passes through the juxtaglomerular apparatus
39
What percentage of plasma that enters the glomerulus is not filtered?
80%
40
What percentage of plasma that enters the glomerulus is filtered?
20%
41
What is the equation for rate of filtration?
[X]plasma x GFR
42
What is the equation for rate of excretion?
[X]urine x Vu (urine production rate)
43
What is the equation for rate of secretion?
rate of excretion of X - rate of filtration of X
44
What are the 3 glomerular filtration barriers?
glomerular capilary endothelium - barrier to RBCs basement membrane - plasma protein barrier slit process of Podocytes - plasma protein barrier
45
What is the net filtration pressure for filtration between bowmans capsule and the glomerulus?
10
46
What are the forces going into bowmans capsule?
glomerular capillary blood pressure - 55mmHg | bowmans capsule oncotic pressure - 0mmHg
47
What are the forces going into the glomerulus?
bowmans capsule hydrostatic fluid pressure - 15mmHg | capillary oncotic pressure - 30mmHg
48
What is GFR?
the rate at which protein free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into Bowmans capsule per unit time
49
What is the GFR equation?
Kf (filtration coefficient) x net filtration pressure
50
What is a major determinant of GFR?
glomerular capillary fluid pressure
51
How is blood flow and glomerular filtration regulated extrinsically?
sympathetic control via baroreceptor reflex
52
How is blood flow and glomerular filtration regulated intrinsically?
auto regulation via myogenic mechanisms and tubular feedback mechanisms
53
What is the affect of increased arterial blood flow on the glomerulus?
increased blood flow to the glomerulus | increased capillary blood pressure which increases net filtration pressure which increases GFR
54
What happens to urine volume when there is a fall in BP?
urine volume decreases to compensate
55
What are the myogenic mechanisms that do intrinsic auto regulation?
vascular smooth muscle is stretched because arterial pressure is increased so it contracts and then constricts the arteriole
56
What are the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms that do intrinsic auto regulation?
involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus | if GFR rises, more NaCl will flow through the arterioles leading to constriction of the afferent arteriole
57
What is the equation of plasma clearance?
rate of excretion / plasma concentration
58
What is the clearance of glucose? Why?
0 = it is not secreted at all
59
What is the clearance of urea? Why?
60
What is the clearance of H? Why?
>GFR = it is secreted but not reabsorbed
61
What is used clinically to measure renal plasma flow?
para-amino hippuric acid (PAH)
62
Why is PAH used to measure renal plasma flow?
freely filtered at the glomerulus secreted into the tubule then completely cleared from plasma
63
What is the filtration fraction?
GFR / renal plasma flow

1. Renal (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions