Histology

Question 1

What two hormones does the kidney produce?

Answer 1

renin

erythropoietin

Question 2

What is the renal capsule made up of?

Answer 2

thin but strong capsule made up of dense collagen fibres

Question 3

What two things are nephrons made up of?

Answer 3

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Question 4

What is the renal corpsucle?

Answer 4

responsible for production and collection of glomerular filtrate
- contains the Bowmans capsule

Question 5

What is the blood supply of Bowmans capsule?

Answer 5

supplied by an afferent arteriole

drained by an efferent arteriole

Question 6

What are the epithelial cells of Bowmans capsule called?

Answer 6

Podocytes

Question 7

What 2 layers separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate?

Answer 7

capillary epithelium
specialised epithelium (Podocytes)

Question 8

What are special about podocytes?

Answer 8

they have interdigiting cell processes that form filtration slits - produce a saw tooth appearance

Question 9

What is the mesangium?

Answer 9

connective tissue layer
made up of mesangial cells
support the renal capsule and remove debris

Question 10

What are the 3 compartments of the glomerular filter?

Answer 10

fenestrated endothelium of the capillary wall
thick basement membrane
filtration slits between pedicels

Question 11

What percentage of cardiac outflow is sent to the kidneys?

Answer 11

20-25%

Question 12

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 12

reabsorption of water, proteins amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose
70% of sodium and water is reabsorbed

Question 13

What is the histological picture of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 13

cubital epithelium cells with large brush border

Question 14

What type of osmotic environment does the loop of henle create?

Answer 14

hyperosmotic in the medulla

Question 15

What is the histology of the thin ascending limb? (of the loop of Henle)

Answer 15

simple sqamous epithelium

Question 16

What is the histology of the thick descending limb? (of the loop of Henle)

Answer 16

simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 17

What does the medulla of the loop of henle recieve its blood supply from?

Answer 17

vasa recta

Question 18

What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 18

acid base and water balance

Question 19

What is the histology of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 19

smaller than the proximal tubules because they have sparse microvilli

Question 20

What is reabsorption of Na in the distal convoluted tubule regulated by?

Answer 20

aldosterone

Question 21

What is the affect on vasopressin/ADH on the collecting ducts?

Answer 21

increases permeability to water

Question 22

What are the minor calyx, ureter and bladder lined by?

Answer 22

transitional epithelium or uroepithelium

Question 23

What is the bladder lumen lined with?

Answer 23

uroepithelium, then lamina propriety then smooth muscle layers

Question 24

What is the urethra lined in in females?

Answer 24

initially: transitional epithelium, then stratified squamous near the termination

Question 25

What is the urethra lined in in males?

Answer 25

prostatic urethra - transitional epithelium
membranous urethra - transitional -> stratified epithelium
penile urethra - stratified epithelium -> stratified squamous