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Renal > Prostate and Bladder Cancer > Flashcards

Prostate and Bladder Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Is bladder cancer more common in males or females?

A

males (4:1)

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2
Q

What are the two main types of uroepithelial tumours and how common are they?

A

transitional (80%)

squamous (9%)

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3
Q

What are the two types of transitional cell tumour?

A

papillary (80%)

non papillary

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4
Q

Which type of transitional cell tumour has a stippled appearance?

A

papillary

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5
Q

What is the inferior portion of the prostate called and what is it continuous with?

A

apex

witht he striated sphincter

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6
Q

What is the superior portion of the prostate called and what is it continuous with?

A

base

bladder neck

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7
Q

What is the prostatic urethra covered by?

A

transitional epithelium

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8
Q

Where is the verantanum?

A

just distal to urethral angle

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9
Q

What drain to each side of the prostatic urethra?

A

ejaculatory ducts

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10
Q

Which zone of the prostate is where most cancers occur?

A

peripheral

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11
Q

Which zone of the prostate is where BPH occurs?

A

transitional

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12
Q

Which zone is cone shaped and surrounds the ejaculatory ducts?

A

central zone

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13
Q

What is the most common malignancy affecting men in the US?

A

prostate cancer

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14
Q

Where is there the lowest incidence of prostate cancer?

A

asia

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15
Q

Is prostate cancer more common in black people?

A

yes

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16
Q

By how much does risk of prostate cancer increase with 1 first degree relative being affected?

A

doubles risk

17
Q

By how much does risk of prostate cancer increase with 2 first degree relatives being affected?

A

4 fold

18
Q

How are most prostate cancers picked up?

A

testing of PSA and DRE

patients normally asymptomatic

19
Q

What symptoms may occur with prostate cancer?

A

haematuria/haematospermia
bone pain, anorexia, weight loss
lower urinary tract symptoms

20
Q

What is PSA?

A

glycoprotein enzyme made by cells in prostate

increases with prostate cancer

21
Q

What investigation can be done on men with an abdnormal DRE or high PSA?

A

transrectal US guided biopsy

22
Q

What are most prostate cancers?

A

adenocarcinomas

23
Q

Where does prostate cancer metastasise to?

A

pelvic lymph nodes

skeleton

24
Q

What lesions tend to occur with prostate cancer?

A

sclerotic

25
Q

What grades prostate cancer>

A

Gleason’s scoring

26
Q

What is growth of prostate cancer cells under the influence of?

A

testosterone and dihydrotestoserone

27
Q

What hormone therapy can be used in prostate cancer?

A

LHRH agonists

Anti-androgens

Renal (24 decks)

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