Prostate and Bladder Cancer Flashcards
Is bladder cancer more common in males or females?
males (4:1)
What are the two main types of uroepithelial tumours and how common are they?
transitional (80%)
squamous (9%)
What are the two types of transitional cell tumour?
papillary (80%)
non papillary
Which type of transitional cell tumour has a stippled appearance?
papillary
What is the inferior portion of the prostate called and what is it continuous with?
apex
witht he striated sphincter
What is the superior portion of the prostate called and what is it continuous with?
base
bladder neck
What is the prostatic urethra covered by?
transitional epithelium
Where is the verantanum?
just distal to urethral angle
What drain to each side of the prostatic urethra?
ejaculatory ducts
Which zone of the prostate is where most cancers occur?
peripheral
Which zone of the prostate is where BPH occurs?
transitional
Which zone is cone shaped and surrounds the ejaculatory ducts?
central zone
What is the most common malignancy affecting men in the US?
prostate cancer
Where is there the lowest incidence of prostate cancer?
asia
Is prostate cancer more common in black people?
yes
By how much does risk of prostate cancer increase with 1 first degree relative being affected?
doubles risk
By how much does risk of prostate cancer increase with 2 first degree relatives being affected?
4 fold
How are most prostate cancers picked up?
testing of PSA and DRE
patients normally asymptomatic
What symptoms may occur with prostate cancer?
haematuria/haematospermia
bone pain, anorexia, weight loss
lower urinary tract symptoms
What is PSA?
glycoprotein enzyme made by cells in prostate
increases with prostate cancer
What investigation can be done on men with an abdnormal DRE or high PSA?
transrectal US guided biopsy
What are most prostate cancers?
adenocarcinomas
Where does prostate cancer metastasise to?
pelvic lymph nodes
skeleton
What lesions tend to occur with prostate cancer?
sclerotic
What grades prostate cancer>
Gleason’s scoring
What is growth of prostate cancer cells under the influence of?
testosterone and dihydrotestoserone
What hormone therapy can be used in prostate cancer?
LHRH agonists
Anti-androgens
