Clinical Descriptions in Renal Flashcards
Non infective inflammation of glomerulus, can be primary or secondary
Glomerulunephritis
Bacterial infection of renal pelvis, calyces, tubule and interstitium
Pyelonephritis
What is the most common organism causing pyelonephritis?
E.coli
Tuberculous pyelonephritis?
haemotgenous spread, usually from lung, typical caeseating granulomatous formation
acute inflammation of bladder
cystitis
dilatation of pelvicalcyeal system, with parenchymal atrophy
hydronephrosis
Main causes of hydronephrosis?
urinary tract obstruction and reflux
abscence of one or both kidneys
agenesis
small kidneys but with normal developemtn
hypoplasia
Fusion at either pole (usually lower)
horseshoe kidney
Very common, usually doesnt cause any functional disease, often incidental finding
simple cysts
can be recessive or dominant (more common), causes renal enlargement and cysts
polycystic kidney disease
common, white nodules, medullary origin
fibroma
yellowish nodules, less than 2cm, cortical origin
adenoma
Mix of fat, muscle and blood vessels, can be multiple and bilateral, associated with tuberous scleoriris
angiomyolipoma
Production of renin causes secondary hypertension from this
JGCT
Production of renin causes secondary hypertension from this
JGCT (juxtaglomerular cell tumour)
tumour of renal pelvis and calcyces
urothelial carcinomas
commonest primary renal tumour in adults, more common in males, clear cell cancer
renal cell carcinoma
benign renal masses
oncocytoma
occurs in transitional epithelium, makes up 90% of bladder tumours
transitional cell tumours
extrovesion, glandular metplasia, urachal remnants
adenocarcinoma
commonest malignant bladder tumour in children
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
occurs in uncircumcised men, related to poort hygeine and HPV
SCC of penis
Complication of BPH, can be spontaneous or precipitated
acute urinary retention
dramatic urine output following obstruction
post-obstructive diuresis
formed when urine is supersaturated with salt and minerals
renal calculus
Most common in puberty, can occur with trauma or athletic activity, but usually random
torsion of spermatic cord
Rare in kids, may be difficult to distinguish from testicular torsion
epididymitis
often happens after foreskin is retracted for catherization and staff members forget to replace it
paraphimosis
prolonged erection (more than 4 hrs)
priapism
form of necrotizing fasciitis occuring in male genitals
Fournier’s gangrene
acute necrotizing parenchymal and perirenal infection caused by gas forming uropathogens, usually e.coli, usually occuring in diabetics
emphysematous pyelonephritis
usually resulting from rupture of acute cortical abscess into perinephric space, or from haemotgenous spread from infection
perinephric abscess
injury commonly associated with pelvic fracture
bladder injury
injury associated with fracture of pubic rami
urethral injury
typically happens during intercourse, buckling injury when penis slips out of vagina and strikes pubic
penile fracture
Increase in size of prostate, without malignancy
BPH
Most common cancer affecting men in UK
prostate cancer
90% are transitional cell
bladder cancer
Pre malignant lesions causing white patches and fissuring etc at glans/prepuce
balanitis xerotica obliterans
Erythroplasia of glands, prepuce or shaft of penis
SCC of penis
urine leaking by extraurethral route
overflow incontinence
may be due to detrusor overactivity, causes frequency and small voided columes
urge incontinence
Urine leaks when there is increased abdo pressure, due to damaged floow or urethral
stress incontinence
combination of stress and urge incontinence
mixed incontinence
