prostate and bladder cancer Flashcards
is PSA elevated in prostate cancer
yes
-not specific tho
risk factors for prostate cancer
- old age
- family history
- black african or caribbean origin
- tall stature
- anabolic steroids
presentation of prostate cancer
- asymptomatic
- lower urinary tract infections
- haematuria
- erectile dysfunction
- symptoms of advanced disease or metastasis
what produces PSA
epithelial cells of the prostate
causes of raised PSA
- prostate cancer
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- prostatitis
- UTIs
- vigorous exercise
- recent ejaculation or prostate stimulation
what does a benign prostate feel like
smooth, symmetrical and slightly soft
how does a cancerous prostate feel
hard, asymmetrical, craggy or irregular with a loss of central sulcus
what is first line investigation for suspected prostate cancer
multiparametric MRI
what does a gleason score of 8 tell you
HIGH RISK
management of prostate cancer
- external beam radiotherapy
- brachytherapy
- hormone therapy
- surgery
what is the hormone therapy for prostate cancer
- androgen receptor blockers (bicalutamide)
- GnRH agonists like goserelin or leuprorelin
- bilateral orchidectomy
side effects of the hormone therapy
- hot flushes
- sexual dysfunction
- gynaecomastia
- fatigue
- osteoporosis
risk factors for bladder cancer
smoking and old age
aromatic amines
different types of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
presentation of bladder cancer
PAINLESS HAEMATURIA
- dysuria
- raised white blood cells
