anatomy Flashcards
what is the order of the urinary tract
kidneys (produce urine)
ureter (drains urine)
bladder (stores/voids urine)
urethra (excretion of urine)
what parts of the urinary tract are found in the abdomen
- kidneys
- proximal ureters
what parts of the urinary tract are found in the pelvis
- distal ureters
- the bladder
- proximal urethra
what is the most anterior structure at the root of the kidney
the renal vein
what is most posterior part of the root of the kidney
renal artery
what are the layers of tissue found anterior to the kidney
from outside to inside:
- visceral peritoneum
- paranephric fat
- renal (deep) fascia
- perinephric fat
- renal capsule
what are the muscles found posterior to the kidney
quadratus lumborum is found most posteriorly
psoas major is posteriomedially
whihc kidney lies inferiorly to the other
right lies slightly inferiorly than the left because of the size of the liver
which vertebrae does the right kidney lie at
L1-L3
which vertebrae do the left kidney lie at
T12-L2
what structures is the right kidney posterior to
- the liver
- the 2nd part of duodenum
- ascending colon
- right colic flexure
what is the left kidney posterior to
- the stomach
- the tail of the pancreas
- the hilum of the spleen
- the splenic vessels
where does lymph from the kidneys drain to
the lumbar nodes
where is the ureteric arterial blood supply from
branches from:
- renal artery
- abdominal aorta
- common iliac artery
- internal iliac artery
- vesical artery
where does lymph from the ureters drain to
lumbar nodes and iliac nodes
label this
what does the human medulla contain
renal pyramids
how many nephrons does each pyramid contain
around 50,000
how does urine drain from the kidney
nephrons collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter
what are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction
- pelviureteric junction
- ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice
what do renal calculi (stones) form from?
urine calcium salts
what can cause a ureteric obstruction
- internal obstruction (renal calculus or blood clot)
- external compression (an expanding mass)
what is the urinary tract’s response to an obstruction
increased peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction to attempt to flush it to the bladder
-patient will experience colicky pain
what do obstructions within the calyces or ureter cause to happen
cause unilateral back pressure of urine
what might obstructions of the bladder cause
unilateral or bilateral kidney problems
what do obstructions to the urethra cause
bilateral kidney problems
when will urine production stop
when the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus
what does renal failure mean
failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine
what is hydronephrosis
water inside the kidney
where does the ureter pass from
the retroperitoneum, through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis
what is the false pelvis
from iliac crests to pelvic inlet
what is the true pelvis
pelvic inlet to pelvic floor
label true and false pelvis
true is dark green
false is light greeeb
where is the bladder found
in the pelvic cavity
what is the pelvic floor muscle
levator ani
why do the ureters enter the posterior bladder in an inferomedial direction
help prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts
what do the ureters do at the level of the ischial spine
they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity
the rectovesicle pouch
label this
where does the ureter run in relation to the vas deferens
inferior to it
where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and artery
inferior to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery
where are the arteries entering the pelvis mainly branches from
the internal iliac artery
what makes up the trigone
the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice form the three corners of the triangle
what is the muscle which forms the main bulk of the bladder wall
the detrusor muscle
what does the detrusor muscle fibres do when the bladder contracts
tighten
what does the internal urethral sphincter muscle do in males during ejaculation
contracts to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder
what separates the bladder and the uterus in women
the uterovesical pouch
what are the two routes of catheterising a patients bladder
urethral and suprapubic
label
label this
where do the testes move during embryological development
from their original position in the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal to the scrotum
what is the spermatic cord
a collection of structures which support the functioning of the testis
where do the testis sit in the scrotum
within a sac called the tunica vaginalis
label this
what is excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis called
a hydrocele
label these 4 structures
what is torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord that can disrupt the blood supply to the testis causing severe pain and danger of testicular necrosis
what passes through the deep inguinal ring
- testicular artery
- testicular vein
- vas deferens
- lymphatics
- nerves
where can the epididymis be palpated
the posterior aspect of the testis
where can the vas deferens be palpated
within the spermatic cord, within the scrotum, superior to the testes
label this
this is the prostate gland
what is the peripheral zone of the prostate
part that is felt on digital rectal examination
-most prostate cancers arise in the peripheral zone
what happens to the three cylinders of erectile tissue during erection
become engorged with blood at arterial pressure
where is the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum
corpus cavernosum is left and right at the top
corpus spongiosum is at the bottom (pink bit)
blood supply to penis
branches of the internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)
blood supply to scrotum
via the internal pudendal and branches from external iliac artery
where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis drain to
the superficial fascia in the groin
where does lymph from the testes drain to
the lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta
how do sympathetic fibres reach smooth muscle/glands of the body other than the body wall
within nerves called splanchnic nerves
where do the sympathetic nerves that go to the kidneys, ureters and bladder leave the spinal cord from?
T10 and L2
how do parasympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the kidneys, ureters and bladder?
carried within vagus nerve
-ones that innervate the bladder are carried within the pelvic splanchnic nerves
which parts of the renal system do the somatic motor nerve fibres go to
those within the perineum (the urethra and its sphincter)
where is pain from the kidney felt
in the loin
-posterior aspect of the flank region
where is pain from the bladder usually felt
in the suprapubic region
where can pain from a calculus obstructing the ureter be felt
radiating from the loin to the groin
where do the visceral afferents from the kidneys run
alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord
where do visceral afferents from the ureters run
alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord
where do the visceral afferents of the proximal urethra run
alongside the parasympathetic nerve fibres back to spinal cord levels S2, S3, S4
where do the visceral afferents from the testis run
alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord to levels T10-11
which nerve fibres are key in controlling micturition (urine flow)
the ones leaving and entering spinal cord levels S2-S4
what senses the bladder filling
stretch receptors at the end of visceral afferent nerve fibres
how do you pee
- detrusor muscle contracts (parasympathetic)
- internal urethral sphincter (parasympathetic), external urethral sphincter and levator ani muscles relax (somatic motor)
- anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure and force urine out of the external urethral orifice (somatic motor nerve fibres)
where does the sciatic nerve arise from
sacral plexus (L4-S3)
