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renal > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order of the urinary tract

A

kidneys (produce urine)
ureter (drains urine)
bladder (stores/voids urine)
urethra (excretion of urine)

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2
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are found in the abdomen

A
  • kidneys

- proximal ureters

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3
Q

what parts of the urinary tract are found in the pelvis

A
  • distal ureters
  • the bladder
  • proximal urethra
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4
Q

what is the most anterior structure at the root of the kidney

A

the renal vein

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5
Q

what is most posterior part of the root of the kidney

A

renal artery

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6
Q

what are the layers of tissue found anterior to the kidney

A

from outside to inside:

  • visceral peritoneum
  • paranephric fat
  • renal (deep) fascia
  • perinephric fat
  • renal capsule
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7
Q

what are the muscles found posterior to the kidney

A

quadratus lumborum is found most posteriorly

psoas major is posteriomedially

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8
Q

whihc kidney lies inferiorly to the other

A

right lies slightly inferiorly than the left because of the size of the liver

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9
Q

which vertebrae does the right kidney lie at

A

L1-L3

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10
Q

which vertebrae do the left kidney lie at

A

T12-L2

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11
Q

what structures is the right kidney posterior to

A
  • the liver
  • the 2nd part of duodenum
  • ascending colon
  • right colic flexure
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12
Q

what is the left kidney posterior to

A
  • the stomach
  • the tail of the pancreas
  • the hilum of the spleen
  • the splenic vessels
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13
Q

where does lymph from the kidneys drain to

A

the lumbar nodes

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14
Q

where is the ureteric arterial blood supply from

A

branches from:

  • renal artery
  • abdominal aorta
  • common iliac artery
  • internal iliac artery
  • vesical artery
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15
Q

where does lymph from the ureters drain to

A

lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

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16
Q

label this

A
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17
Q

what does the human medulla contain

A

renal pyramids

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18
Q

how many nephrons does each pyramid contain

A

around 50,000

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19
Q

how does urine drain from the kidney

A

nephrons collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

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20
Q

what are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

A
  • pelviureteric junction
  • ureter crossing anterior aspect of the common iliac artery
  • ureteric orifice
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21
Q

what do renal calculi (stones) form from?

A

urine calcium salts

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22
Q

what can cause a ureteric obstruction

A
  • internal obstruction (renal calculus or blood clot)

- external compression (an expanding mass)

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23
Q

what is the urinary tract’s response to an obstruction

A

increased peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction to attempt to flush it to the bladder
-patient will experience colicky pain

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24
Q

what do obstructions within the calyces or ureter cause to happen

A

cause unilateral back pressure of urine

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25
Q

what might obstructions of the bladder cause

A

unilateral or bilateral kidney problems

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26
Q

what do obstructions to the urethra cause

A

bilateral kidney problems

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27
Q

when will urine production stop

A

when the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus

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28
Q

what does renal failure mean

A

failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

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29
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

water inside the kidney

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30
Q

where does the ureter pass from

A

the retroperitoneum, through the false pelvis and into the true pelvis

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31
Q

what is the false pelvis

A

from iliac crests to pelvic inlet

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32
Q

what is the true pelvis

A

pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

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33
Q

label true and false pelvis

A

true is dark green

false is light greeeb

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34
Q

where is the bladder found

A

in the pelvic cavity

35
Q

what is the pelvic floor muscle

A

levator ani

36
Q

why do the ureters enter the posterior bladder in an inferomedial direction

A

help prevent reflux of urine back into the ureters when the bladder contracts

37
Q

what do the ureters do at the level of the ischial spine

A

they turn medially to enter the posterior aspect of the bladder

38
Q

what is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity

A

the rectovesicle pouch

39
Q

label this

A
40
Q

where does the ureter run in relation to the vas deferens

A

inferior to it

41
Q

where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and artery

A

inferior to the uterine tubes and the uterine artery

42
Q

where are the arteries entering the pelvis mainly branches from

A

the internal iliac artery

43
Q

what makes up the trigone

A

the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice form the three corners of the triangle

44
Q

what is the muscle which forms the main bulk of the bladder wall

A

the detrusor muscle

45
Q

what does the detrusor muscle fibres do when the bladder contracts

A

tighten

46
Q

what does the internal urethral sphincter muscle do in males during ejaculation

A

contracts to prevent retrograde ejaculation of semen back into the bladder

47
Q

what separates the bladder and the uterus in women

A

the uterovesical pouch

48
Q

what are the two routes of catheterising a patients bladder

A

urethral and suprapubic

49
Q

label

A
50
Q

label this

A
51
Q

where do the testes move during embryological development

A

from their original position in the posterior abdomen, through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

52
Q

what is the spermatic cord

A

a collection of structures which support the functioning of the testis

53
Q

where do the testis sit in the scrotum

A

within a sac called the tunica vaginalis

54
Q

label this

A
55
Q

what is excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis called

A

a hydrocele

56
Q

label these 4 structures

A
57
Q

what is torsion

A

twisting of the spermatic cord that can disrupt the blood supply to the testis causing severe pain and danger of testicular necrosis

58
Q

what passes through the deep inguinal ring

A
  • testicular artery
  • testicular vein
  • vas deferens
  • lymphatics
  • nerves
59
Q

where can the epididymis be palpated

A

the posterior aspect of the testis

60
Q

where can the vas deferens be palpated

A

within the spermatic cord, within the scrotum, superior to the testes

61
Q

label this

A

this is the prostate gland

62
Q

what is the peripheral zone of the prostate

A

part that is felt on digital rectal examination

-most prostate cancers arise in the peripheral zone

63
Q

what happens to the three cylinders of erectile tissue during erection

A

become engorged with blood at arterial pressure

64
Q

where is the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum

A

corpus cavernosum is left and right at the top

corpus spongiosum is at the bottom (pink bit)

65
Q

blood supply to penis

A

branches of the internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)

66
Q

blood supply to scrotum

A

via the internal pudendal and branches from external iliac artery

67
Q

where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis drain to

A

the superficial fascia in the groin

68
Q

where does lymph from the testes drain to

A

the lumbar nodes around the abdominal aorta

69
Q

how do sympathetic fibres reach smooth muscle/glands of the body other than the body wall

A

within nerves called splanchnic nerves

70
Q

where do the sympathetic nerves that go to the kidneys, ureters and bladder leave the spinal cord from?

A

T10 and L2

71
Q

how do parasympathetic nerve fibres get from the CNS to the kidneys, ureters and bladder?

A

carried within vagus nerve

-ones that innervate the bladder are carried within the pelvic splanchnic nerves

72
Q

which parts of the renal system do the somatic motor nerve fibres go to

A

those within the perineum (the urethra and its sphincter)

73
Q

where is pain from the kidney felt

A

in the loin

-posterior aspect of the flank region

74
Q

where is pain from the bladder usually felt

A

in the suprapubic region

75
Q

where can pain from a calculus obstructing the ureter be felt

A

radiating from the loin to the groin

76
Q

where do the visceral afferents from the kidneys run

A

alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord

77
Q

where do visceral afferents from the ureters run

A

alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord

78
Q

where do the visceral afferents of the proximal urethra run

A

alongside the parasympathetic nerve fibres back to spinal cord levels S2, S3, S4

79
Q

where do the visceral afferents from the testis run

A

alongside sympathetic fibres back to the spinal cord to levels T10-11

80
Q

which nerve fibres are key in controlling micturition (urine flow)

A

the ones leaving and entering spinal cord levels S2-S4

81
Q

what senses the bladder filling

A

stretch receptors at the end of visceral afferent nerve fibres

82
Q

how do you pee

A
  • detrusor muscle contracts (parasympathetic)
  • internal urethral sphincter (parasympathetic), external urethral sphincter and levator ani muscles relax (somatic motor)
  • anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure and force urine out of the external urethral orifice (somatic motor nerve fibres)
83
Q

where does the sciatic nerve arise from

A

sacral plexus (L4-S3)

renal (28 decks)

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