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renal > pathology > Flashcards

pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is infective nephritis called

A

pyelonephritis

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2
Q

what are the two groups of glomerulonephritis

A
  • immune mediated

- related to vasculitis

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3
Q

what is pathophysiology of goodpastures

A

IgG antibodies against alpha 3 subunit of collagen 4

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4
Q

what immune mediated glomerulonephritis is there

A
  • infection
  • drugs (gold, penicillamine)
  • cancer
  • goodpastures
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5
Q

nephritic syndrome characteristicws

A

haematuria and hypertension

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6
Q

nephrotic syndrome characteristics

A
  • heavy proteinuria
  • non-dependent oedema
  • hyperlipidaemia
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7
Q

what three things are looked at in a kidney biopsy

A
  • light microscopy
  • electron microscopy
  • immunoflouresence
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8
Q

are crescents bad or good

A

bad

-indicates rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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9
Q

if you see granulomas in a renal biopsy what does this indicate

A
  • GPA

- sarcoid

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10
Q

what can electron microscopy show

A

you can see if there are deposits and where they are

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11
Q

what does linear IgG on an immunofluorescence mean

A

good pastures

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12
Q

who gets minimal change

A

kids

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13
Q

is minimal change nephrotic or nephritic

A

nephrotic

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14
Q

what does minimal change usually resolve with

A

steroids

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15
Q

causes of FSGS

A
  • obesity
  • HIV
  • sickle cell
  • IV drug users
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16
Q

is FSGS nephritic or nephrotic

A

nephritic

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17
Q

cause of membranous glomerulus nephritis

A 
INFECTION
-hepatitis
-malaria
-syphilis 
DRUGS (nsaids, gold etc)
MALIGNANCY
LUPUS
AUTOIMMUNE - thyroiditis
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18
Q

is membranous nephritic or nephrotic

A

nephrotic

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19
Q

appearance of membranous

A
  • thick membranes

- sub-epithelial immune deposits

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20
Q

cause of IgA one

A

genetic

coeliac

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21
Q

who gets IgA one

A

post infection

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22
Q

is IgA one nephritic or nephrotic

A

nephritic

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23
Q

cause of membranoproliferative

A

idiopathic

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24
Q

is membranoproliferative nephritic or nephrotic

A

either

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25
Q

appearnce of membranoproliferative

A

big lobulated hypercellular glomeruli with thick membranes - tram tracks

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26
Q

presentation of diabetes in the kidneys

A

diffuse and nodular glomerulosclerosis
nodules - kimmel stiel wilson lesion
microvascular disease
infection

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27
Q

two main types of polycystic kidneys

A

autosomal dominant PCKD

autosomal recessive PCKD

28
Q

where is the mutation in ADPCKD

A

nephrin

29
Q

what are cysts lined by in ADPCKD

A

simple epithelium

30
Q

presentation of ADPCKD

A
  • massive kidney
  • lesions
  • pain
  • haematuria
  • infarction
31
Q

systemic complications of ADPCKD

A
  • liver cysts
  • cerebral aneurysms
  • sub arachnoid haemorrhages
32
Q

who gets autosomal recessive PCKD

A

children

33
Q

what is the kidney like in ARPCKD

A

normal size and has a smooth surface

34
Q

benign tumour of the kidney is called….

A

oncocytoma

35
Q

what are the malignant tumours of the kidney called

A
  • chromophobe
  • clear cell
  • papillary
  • collecting duct
36
Q

paediatric tumour of the kidney

A

Wilm’s tumour

37
Q

risk factors for clear cell carcinoma

A

obesity, genetic influence

38
Q

presentation of clear cell carcinoma

A

haematuria
mass
rarely hypertension

39
Q

what is VHL associated with

A

sporadic kidney cancer

40
Q

where is urothelium found

A
  • bladder
  • ureters
  • collecting system in kidney
41
Q

subtypes of cystitis

A
  • parasites and mycotic infection
  • aseptic
  • reactive to catheter
42
Q

common parasite for cystitis

A

schistosomiasis

43
Q

what is aseptic cystitis

A

all the symptoms but persistently negative cultures and urinalysis

44
Q

what is cystitis cystica

A

infolding of bladder mucosa into cysts

45
Q

what is hydronephrosis

A

a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them

46
Q

who gets urothelial neoplasia

A

middle aged and elderly smokers

47
Q

which type of cancer is urothelial neoplasia

A

transitional cell carcinoma

48
Q

feature of CIS cancers

A

flat

49
Q

urachal adenocarcinoma

A

occur on a background of metaplasia

-embryological

50
Q

squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder

A

same as in the lung

-persistent inflammation gives rise to squamous metaplasia

51
Q

do high grade cancers produce PSA

A

no

52
Q

diagnosis of prostatic cancer

A

transanal/rectal core biopsies

53
Q

what infection is papilloma associated with

A

HPV

54
Q

is a differentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia HPV related

A

no

55
Q

is a dedifferentiated penile intraepithelial neoplasia HPV related

A

yes

56
Q

what is hydrocele

A

accumulation of fluid around the testes

-between the two layers

57
Q

what is spermatocoele

A

cystic change within the vas of the epididymis

58
Q

what is varicocele

A

varicosities of venous plexus that drains the testis

-feels like a bag of worms

59
Q

what is bell clapper deformity

A

insertion of the tunica vaginalis is high

60
Q

two groups of testicular tumours

A

seminomatous and non-seminomatous

61
Q

which is most common testicular cancer

A

seminoma

-the potato tumour

62
Q

who gets non-seminomatous

A

30ish

63
Q

what is a mature teratoma of the testis

A

seen in three germ layers

64
Q

which protein does yolk sac produce

A

alpha feto protein

65
Q

what is embyonal tumour associated with

A

freq mets

66
Q

what would a trophoblast give a positive result for

A

beta HCG test (pregnancy test)

renal (28 decks)

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