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BDI > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Circular chromosome (haploid)
70S ribosome (30S+50S)
No organelles
No nuclear membrane
Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Steps 1-4 of gram staining

A

1- crystal violet
2- gram iodine
3-decolorizer (alcohol or acetone)
4-safranin red

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3
Q

Gram + bacteria are

A

Purple

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4
Q

Gram - bacteria are

A

Pink

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5
Q

Gram + cell walls have

A

Thick peptidoglycan
Lipoteichoic and teichoic acid

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6
Q

Gram - cell walls have

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide
Two membranes
Significant periplasmic space

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan is made up of

A

NAM and NAG joined together by transpeptidase and transglycosylase (penicillin binding proteins, inhibited by beta lactam antibiotics)

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8
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Gram + bacteria
Cell morphology/division and auto lysis
Regulation of ion homeostasis
Protection from host defenses and antibiotics
Adhesion and colonization

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9
Q

LPS

A

Gram -
Lipid A (toxic shock, gram - endotoxin)
Polysaccharide core
Repeat units (responsible for O antigen)

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10
Q

Other types of cell walls

A

Acid fast (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Contains mycolic acid and other lipids
Not permeable to normal stains
Use Ziehl-Nielsen stain
AFB=red
Non-AFB=blue

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11
Q

Auramine-rhodamine is

A

Fluorescent stain used for M. Tuberculosis

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12
Q

Modified acid fast is used to differentiate between

A

Nocardia vs Actinomyces

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13
Q

Bacteria without cell walls

A

Mycoplasma (pneumoniae and hominis)
Smallest free living organisms

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14
Q

Flagella

A

Movement and adherence
Usually not present in gram +

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15
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment to cellular receptors (Proteus miramilis, UPEC, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
Biofilm formation
Gram -/+
Immune evasion

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16
Q

Spores

A

Resistant to heat and desiccation
Gram + (C. Perfinogens, C. Botulinum, C. Tetanii, C. Difficile, B. Anthracis)

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17
Q

Capsules

A

Protect against phagocytosis
S. Pneumoniae
Composed of polysaccharide

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18
Q

Biofilms

A

Antimicrobial resistance
Gene transfer
Mutable
Resistance to immune system
Can be quiescent
First multi-cellular organism

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19
Q

Terminal election acceptor in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration

A

Oxygen
Other compound such as nitrate

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20
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Reduced oxygen (campylobacter, helicobacter)

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21
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Not killed by oxygen (streptococci and lactobacilli)

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22
Q

Psychrophiles grow at

A

Cold temperatures

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23
Q

M leprae grows at

A

31 degrees C
Eyes, nose, fingers, toes

24
Q

Sporothrix schenckii grows best at

A

25 degrees C
Extremities

25
Q

Rhinovirus grows best at

A

33 degrees C

26
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Cell density regulated gene expression
Cell to cell communication
Hormone like compounds (autoinducers)
Gram += small peptides
Gram -= homoserine lactones

27
Q

Bacteria replicate though

A

Binary fission

28
Q

Bacteria adapt through

A

Vertical transfer

29
Q

Horizontal exchange

A

Acquisition of DNA from other sources
transformation, transduction, conjugation

30
Q

Examples of transformation

A

S pneumoniae
Resistance to penicillin and cetraiaxone

31
Q

DNA uptake apparatus facilitates

A

Recombination into chromosome by RecA

32
Q

Transduction-bacteriophage replication cycles can be either _ or _

A

Lyric or lysogenic

33
Q

Transduction is

A

The major mechanism of gene transfer in prokaryotes

34
Q

Other phage transfer method besides transduction

A

Pathogenicity islands

35
Q

Diphtheria-Cornyebacterium diphtheriae uses _ conversion

A

Lysogenic

36
Q

Conjugation is the

A

Transfer of plasmids from one bacterium to another

37
Q

Transposition is

A

A type of conjugation

38
Q

Disease epidemic

A

Rapid spread within population

39
Q

Endemic disease

A

Always present

40
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic spread to large population (across continents)

41
Q

Bacterial pathogen strategies

A

Adherence
Toxin synthesis
Cell invasion
Immune evasion
Metastasis and spread to subsequent colonization

42
Q

E. coli is a commensalism organism that causes what kinds of diseases?

A

UPEC- UTI
Sepsis/meningitis- ExPEC, NMEC
Diarrhea

43
Q

Diarrheagic groups of E. Coli

A

ETEC-enterotoxigenic
EIEC-enteroinvasive
EPEC-enteropathogenic
EAEC-enteroaggregative
DAEC-diffusely adherent
EHEC-enterohemorrhagic

44
Q

UPEC

A

Adheres to uroepithelial cells following colonization of the gut (virulence factors allow for colonization of urinary tract/gut and survival in blood)

45
Q

S. Aureus is the most common cause of

A

Endocarditis, nosocomial infection, SSTI, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis
(also common cause of bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, foodborne illness, implant infection, abscess)

46
Q

How does S aureus survive the bloodstream and metastasize

A

Inhibition of phagocytosis by clotting
SCIN and Ecb bind and inhibit C3b
Interference with RROS production and function
Barrier disruption via alpha toxin binding ADAM 10 receptor
Alpha toxin lysis PMNs


47
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Non-pregnant immunosuppressed adults (meningitis, encephalitis, septicemia)
Pregnant women (bacteremia, stillbirth, premature birth)

48
Q

Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors

A

Internalin A and B required for host cell invasion
listeriolysin O, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipids C=phagosome lysis
Actin assembly-inducing protein- movement in cells
Hexose phosphate- carbon source

49
Q

Diphtheria exotoxin

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
ADP ribosylating toxin
Inhibits protein synthesis by ribosylating eEF-2

50
Q

Pertussis exotoxin

A

Bordetella pertussis
ADP ribosylating toxin binds to G protein

51
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Clostridium tetanii
Causes rigor

52
Q

Botulism exotoxin

A

Clostridium botulinum
Causes flaccid paralysis

53
Q

Superantigen

A

Some exotoxins bind T cell receptor and MHC II leading to the real ease of chemokines
S aureus TSST-I

54
Q

Endotoxin

A

Gram - cell wall LPS
Causes DIC via cytokine storm

55
Q

Salmonella enterica has _ and _ Serotypes

A

Typhoid and non-typhoidal (self limiting gastroenteritis)

56
Q

Salmonella virulence traits

A

Penetrate intestional epithelium and survive in macrophages
Type III secretion systems (T3SS-1-bacterial internalization and T3SS-2-macrophage survival)

BDI (18 decks)

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