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BDI > HIV > Flashcards

HIV Flashcards

1
Q

_ is responsible for the global pandemic

A

HIV-1
genotype M is the main one
Subtype B is dominant in the Americas and W Europe

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2
Q

_ is less pathogenic and restricted to W africa

A

HIV-2

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3
Q

HIV-1 originated from

A

SIV

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4
Q

How did the virus transfer to humans

A

bushmeat

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5
Q

HIV is a _

A

zoonosis

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6
Q

HIV was discovered in

A

1984

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7
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

blood
semen
pre-seminal fluid
rectal fluids
vaginal fluids
breast milk
must come in contact with mucous membrane, damaged tissue, directly injected

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8
Q

HIV is an _virus

A

RNA retrovirus
envelope
+ RNA

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9
Q

HIV is not stable_

A

in the environment due to the envelope

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10
Q

Why is HIV a retrovirus

A

uses reverse transcriptase (high mutation rate) to convert RNA into DNA

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11
Q

key cells HIV infects

A

Th

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12
Q

HIV requires _ receptors

A

2

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13
Q

HIV is inseted into

A

host chromosome, leading to lifelong infection and making treatment difficult

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14
Q

Infection beings with

A

binding of glycoprotein spikes to primary receptor (CD4) and co-receptor (CCR5, CXCR4)

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15
Q

Reverse transcriptase is

A

error prone (pathogenicity)

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16
Q

Once viral DNA is formed, intergrase

A

integrated into the host DNA

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17
Q

CCR5 gene deletion

A

naturally occuring deletion
CCR5 receptor never reaches the cell surface
homozygotes do not get HIV
heterozygots are long-term non-progressors

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18
Q

HIV disease mechanism

A

depletion of CD4 T cells

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19
Q

Host response to HIV

A

fails to contain infection
rapid mutation rate, persistent infection of macrophages and CD4 T cells

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20
Q

patients with HIV

A

have an increased risk of fungal, bacteral, viral infections due to decreased CD4

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21
Q

viral load is the most important predictor of

A

how fast CD4 cells are depleated

22
Q

HIV has a _ latency period

A

long clinical (no signs or symptoms)

23
Q

Stages of HIV-1 infection

A

VIral transmission
primary infection
seroconversion
clinical latency period
early symptomatic HIV
AIDS
Advanced HIV (CD4 cell count <50)

24
Q

Acute HIV is the third most common cause of

A

mononucleosis

25
Q

early signs and symptoms of HIV

A

lymphadenopathy
oral hairy leukoplakia due to EBV
seborrheic dermatitis
herpes zoster VZV

26
Q

Kaposi sarcoma is due to

A

HHV-8

27
Q

Mycobacteium tuberculosis

A

higher risk for reactivation

28
Q

Opportunistic infections (CD4<200)

A

pneumocystis pneumonia (pneumocystis jirovecii)

29
Q

CD4<100

A

toxoplasmosis

30
Q

HIV testing began targeting

A

pregnant women

31
Q

Universal testing is used to detect

A

HIV before symptoms are present because skink-based testing has failed to identify eary

32
Q

percent of adults who have been tested for HIV

A

43%

33
Q

it takes over _ for lab markers to be positive

A

a week

34
Q

the first marker is

A

HIV RNA (not used routinely)

35
Q

The 2nd lab marker detected

A

HIV-1 p24 antigen followed by HIV antibody (used for detection)

36
Q

You cannot make an HIV diagnosis with

A

a single test (there are false positives)

37
Q

3rd generation test only test for

A

antibodies

38
Q

the 4th generation enzyme immunoassay

A

IgM and IgG

39
Q

Confirmatory test

A

HIV-1/2 antibody differentation immunoassay

40
Q

HIV RNA is used

A

when screening test is positive but follow up test in negative
tie breaker test
diagnose acute or early HIV
staging
monitoring response to ART
diagnosis of perinatally aquired HIV in infants

41
Q

goal of HIV treatment

A

help patients live longer by making viral load undetectible

42
Q

risks of treatment

A

cost
drug resistance
side effects
(BENIFITS FAR OUTWEIGH THE HARM)

43
Q

Initiation of ART

A

started immediately reguardless of CD4 counts

44
Q

conditions favoring more urgent ART

A

OPANA
opportunistic infections
pregnancy
acute HIV
nephropathy
advaced disease

45
Q

ART regimen

A

never one
give combination to prevent resistance
2 NRTIs plus INSTI

46
Q

How do we monitor response to therapy

A

viral load monitoring
virologic supression (<50 copies/mL)
undetectable HIV RNA level within 8 to 24 weeks

47
Q

Why does treatment fail

A

adherence

48
Q

medication adherence for chronic disease is

A

50%

49
Q

Prophysalxis it provided for

A

Toxoplasma
Pneumocystis

50
Q

people with an undetectable viral load

A

cannot be tranmitted to others via sexual transmission (u=u)

BDI (18 decks)

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