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Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

How are parasites classified

A

Phylogeny
Morphology
Disease Compartment

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2
Q

Protozoa are

A

Unicellular
Flagellates
Amoebas
Sporozoans
Ciliates
Life cycle stages may include: traphozoites, cysts, sporozoites, and gametes

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3
Q

Helminths are

A

Multicellular
Nematodes (roundworms)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)
Life cycle includes eggs, larvae, and adult worms

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4
Q

Neglected parasitic infection in the US

A

Toxoplasmosis
Toxocariasis
Trichromoniasis
Changas disease
Cysticercosis

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5
Q

Other endemic/emerging/ outbreak associated parasites in the US

A

Intestionsal Protozoa
Babesiosis
Free living amoeba infections
Pinworm
Soil transmitted Helminth infections
Animal-associated helminth infections

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6
Q

When to consider parasitic infections

A

Clinical presentation
Epidemiological risk factors (living conditions/hygiene, travel/immigration, contaminated food/water, animal exposure, arthropod vector exposure)
Host factors (immune status)

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7
Q

Seizures are associated with _

A

Neurocysticerosis

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8
Q

Iron-defiency anemia is associated with _

A

Hookworm

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9
Q

Heart failure is associated with _

A

Chaga’s disease

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10
Q

Cirrhosis is associated with _

A

Schistosomiasis

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11
Q

Vision loss is associated with _ and _

A

Toxocariasis and Onchoceriasis

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12
Q

Skin ulcers are associated with

A

Leishmaniasis

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13
Q

Public health interventions have targeted what parasitic infections?

A

Malaria
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis

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14
Q

95% of Malaria cases are in _

A

Africa

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15
Q

Plasmodium species cause _

A

Malaria

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16
Q

Mararia is transmitted to human by the _

A

Anopheles mosquito bite

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17
Q

Relapsing Malaria disease occurs due to _

A

The reactivation of hypnozoites dormant in the liver

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18
Q

Intraerythrocytic replication

A

Trophozoites, merozoites in schizonts, gametocytes
Causes hemolysis of RBCs

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19
Q

5 species causing malaria

A

P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Ovale
P. Malariae
P. Knowlesi

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20
Q

P vivax is seen in

A

Sout america and SE asia

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21
Q

P ovale and P falciform are common in

A

Africa

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22
Q

P knowlesi is common in

A

SE asia

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23
Q

P falciparum

A

Severe/cerbral malaria
Blackwater fever
Banana-shaped gametocytes

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24
Q

P vivax

A

Relapsing disease
Younger (larger) RBCs
ameboid trophozoites

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25
P ovale
Relapsing disease Youger (larger) RBCs Ovoid, fimbriated RBCs
26
P malariae
Smaller RBCs Band and basket trophozoites
27
Most common method used to observe RBCs infected with Malaria
thick blood smear
28
Uncomplicated malaria presentation
Flue like ilness treated with chloroquine and artemisinin based combination therapy
29
Severe malaria presentation
Impaired consciousness/coma, severe anemia, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ciculatory collapse/shock, DIC, acidosis, parasitemia Treated with intravaneous artesunate
30
Relapsing malaria (P vivax, ovale)
Addition of primaquine to target hypbozoites Test for G6PD defiency
31
Thin smear microscopy
Conventional method
32
Thick smear microscopy
Higher sensitivity RBC lysed, fixed, and stained with Geimsa stain
33
Antigen detection
Lower sensitivity and specificity than microscopy
34
NAAT
Detection of DNA targets by PCR or LAMP (highest sensitivity and specificity)
35
Malaria prevention
insecticide treated mosquite nets insecticides chemoprophylaxis preventative treatment during pregnancy RTS,S vaccine
36
Babesia microti
Human infection through bite of Ixodes scrapularis (deer tick) tick bite Intraerythrocytic replication most infections asymptomatic or cause self-limited systemic febrile illness with hepatosplenomegaly and hemolytic anemia may progress to DIC Serve immunocompromised, splenectomized, and eldery more effected.
37
Identification of B microti
microscopy using thick and thin blood smears (enteroerythroid forms/trophozoite and merazoite forms) maltize cross form
38
Toxoplasma gondii
Cats are definitive host (shed oocysts in feces) Infective oocysts transmit to intermediate hosts Humans infected through ingestion of oocysts, tissue cysts in undercooked meat Placental transmission Bloodborne (through transfusion pruducts and needle sharing)
39
Tachyzoites
trophozoites; acute infection
40
Bradyzoites
form cysts in tissue (chronic infection)
41
Clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis
Acute infection: systemic, flu-like febrile illness Chronic infection: lymphandenitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalomyelitits, chorioretinitis most infection mild; high risk of reactivatiion, disseminated/CNS disease in immunocompromised individuals (AIDS, transplant) Congenital infection (transfered from mother through placenta) abortion stillbirth, severe congenital disease microcephaly, intracranial lesion, hydrocephalis, chorioetinitis, hearing loss
42
Toxoplasmosis diagnosis
Serology: IgG detection (+=infection) Prenatal diagnosis: amniotic fluid PCR Direct visualization of tachyzoites/bradyzoites by microsocpy or PCR
43
T cruzi
Human infection mediated by Triatomine bug (located in feces and transfered through bite
44
Amastigotes
T cruzi in tissue
45
Trypomastigotes
T cruzi in blood
46
Chagas disease is caused by
T cruzi
47
T cruzi
can be found in the Americas Triatomine bug vector Acute infection: chagoma at entry site (Romana’s sign), flu like febrile illness Chronic infection: hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, megaesophgus, megacolon
48
Chagas disease diagnosis
Trypomastigotes in blood Amastigotes in tissue biopsy PCR of blood can detect acute infection Serology identifies exposure/chronic infection
49
Entamoeba histolytica
infection by ingestion of cysts Trophozoites cause extraintestional disease Cysts and trophozoites can be detected in stool
50
E histolytica
can be found worldwide Transmission through ingestion of cysts (contaminated food and water, oral-anal intercourse) 3 outcomes: asymptomatic carrier intestinal amebiasis: flask shaped ulcer in colonic mucosa, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea extraintestional amebiasis: amebic liver abscess
51
E histolytica infection
Microscopy: cysts and trophozoites in stool Trophozoites with ingested RBCs are pathopneumonic
52
Soil transmitted heminths
worldwide distribution ingestion or skin exposure to eggs or larvae
53
Filarial nematodes
distribution determined by insect vectors adult worm in tissue larvae=microfilaria diagnose through detection of microflaria in blood or subcutaneous tissue
54
Strongyloides stercoralis
Soil transmitted helminths Transcutaneous infection from larvae in soil Larvae passed in stool Tissue damage/inflammation during larval migration through lungs to intestine Eggs hatch in lost allowing autoinfection, chronic infection and risk for hyperinfection
55
S stercolaris allows for
autoreinfection
56
Strongyloides is present
worlwide and assoiated with poor sanitation
57
Strongyloides chronic infection is caused by
autoinfection
58
Strongyloides is assoiated with a risk for
hyperinfection associated with suppressed cellular immunity leading to dissemination and sepsis
59
Strongyloidiasis diagnosis
Serology- IgG detection indicates exposure Treatment: ivermectin
60
Trematode (fluke) infections
require freshwater snails as intermediate hosts Food-borne trematoads: prevalent in East asia and south america infection through ingestion of larvae in undercooked aquatic vegtables, fish, crustaceans causes sever liver and lung disease operculated eggs
61
Schistosoma
Transcutaneous infection from larvae in fresh water Eggs shed from infected humans into feces or urine Adult worms reside in vasculature Paired adult worms migrate to mesenteric venules of bowel laying eggs that circulate to liver and shed in stools Venous plexus of bladder eggs shed in urine Eggs pass through wall of intestine or bladder
62
Schistosoma infections
persits for decades with millions of eggs moving across mucosal walls
63
Schistosomiasis (Biharzia)
Aculte infection (Katayama fever): febrile ilness, 1-2 moths post infection Chronic infection: egg driven inflammatory pathology, fibrosis, end-organ disease
64
S mansoni S japonicum (intestinal schistosomiasis)
S mansoni= prominant lateral spines S japonicum= tiny lateral spine Worms reside in mesenteric veules transit bowel wall to pass in feces many swept into portal vein with liver granulomas leading to periportal fibrosis, potal HTN, and hepatosplenomegaly
65
S haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis)
terminal spine egs transit in bladder wall to pass in urine causing hematuria, obstructive uropathy, bladder cancer femal genital schistosomiasis
66
Cestode (tapeworm) infections
Ingestion of larvae adult worms in intestine eggs and proglottids passed in stool ingestion of eggs: larvae encyst in tissue
67
T solium
Ingestion of eggs (fecal contamination, autoinfection) larvae encyst in tissue Ingestion of larvae (undercooked meat)-mature un intestine Eggs passed in stool
68
T solium epidemiology
common worldwide free roaming pigs and poor sanitation exposed to contamines feces containing eggs
69
Taeniasis/cystercosis diagnosis and management
Taeniasis asymptomatic diagnosis through indentification of eggs or proglottids in stool Cysticercosis CNS, causes siezures diagnosis by identification of calcified notules treatment depends on viability of cysts

BDI (18 decks)

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