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BDI > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

How are parasites classified

A

Phylogeny
Morphology
Disease Compartment

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2
Q

Protozoa are

A

Unicellular
Flagellates
Amoebas
Sporozoans
Ciliates
Life cycle stages may include: traphozoites, cysts, sporozoites, and gametes

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3
Q

Helminths are

A

Multicellular
Nematodes (roundworms)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)
Life cycle includes eggs, larvae, and adult worms

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4
Q

Neglected parasitic infection in the US

A

Toxoplasmosis
Toxocariasis
Trichromoniasis
Changas disease
Cysticercosis

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5
Q

Other endemic/emerging/ outbreak associated parasites in the US

A

Intestionsal Protozoa
Babesiosis
Free living amoeba infections
Pinworm
Soil transmitted Helminth infections
Animal-associated helminth infections

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6
Q

When to consider parasitic infections

A

Clinical presentation
Epidemiological risk factors (living conditions/hygiene, travel/immigration, contaminated food/water, animal exposure, arthropod vector exposure)
Host factors (immune status)

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7
Q

Seizures are associated with _

A

Neurocysticerosis

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8
Q

Iron-defiency anemia is associated with _

A

Hookworm

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9
Q

Heart failure is associated with _

A

Chaga’s disease

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10
Q

Cirrhosis is associated with _

A

Schistosomiasis

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11
Q

Vision loss is associated with _ and _

A

Toxocariasis and Onchoceriasis

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12
Q

Skin ulcers are associated with

A

Leishmaniasis

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13
Q

Public health interventions have targeted what parasitic infections?

A

Malaria
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis

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14
Q

95% of Malaria cases are in _

A

Africa

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15
Q

Plasmodium species cause _

A

Malaria

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16
Q

Mararia is transmitted to human by the _

A

Anopheles mosquito bite

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17
Q

Relapsing Malaria disease occurs due to _

A

The reactivation of hypnozoites dormant in the liver

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18
Q

Intraerythrocytic replication

A

Trophozoites, merozoites in schizonts, gametocytes
Causes hemolysis of RBCs

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19
Q

5 species causing malaria

A

P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Ovale
P. Malariae
P. Knowlesi

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20
Q

P vivax is seen in

A

Sout america and SE asia

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21
Q

P ovale and P falciform are common in

A

Africa

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22
Q

P knowlesi is common in

A

SE asia

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23
Q

P falciparum

A

Severe/cerbral malaria
Blackwater fever
Banana-shaped gametocytes

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24
Q

P vivax

A

Relapsing disease
Younger (larger) RBCs
ameboid trophozoites

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25
Q

P ovale

A

Relapsing disease
Youger (larger) RBCs
Ovoid, fimbriated RBCs

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26
Q

P malariae

A

Smaller RBCs
Band and basket trophozoites

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27
Q

Most common method used to observe RBCs infected with Malaria

A

thick blood smear

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28
Q

Uncomplicated malaria presentation

A

Flue like ilness treated with chloroquine and artemisinin based combination therapy

29
Q

Severe malaria presentation

A

Impaired consciousness/coma, severe anemia, acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ciculatory collapse/shock, DIC, acidosis, parasitemia
Treated with intravaneous artesunate

30
Q

Relapsing malaria (P vivax, ovale)

A

Addition of primaquine to target hypbozoites
Test for G6PD defiency

31
Q

Thin smear microscopy

A

Conventional method

32
Q

Thick smear microscopy

A

Higher sensitivity
RBC lysed, fixed, and stained with Geimsa stain

33
Q

Antigen detection

A

Lower sensitivity and specificity than microscopy

34
Q

NAAT

A

Detection of DNA targets by PCR or LAMP (highest sensitivity and specificity)

35
Q

Malaria prevention

A

insecticide treated mosquite nets
insecticides
chemoprophylaxis
preventative treatment during pregnancy
RTS,S vaccine

36
Q

Babesia microti

A

Human infection through bite of Ixodes scrapularis (deer tick) tick bite
Intraerythrocytic replication
most infections asymptomatic or cause self-limited systemic febrile illness with hepatosplenomegaly and hemolytic anemia
may progress to DIC
Serve immunocompromised, splenectomized, and eldery more effected.

37
Q

Identification of B microti

A

microscopy using thick and thin blood smears (enteroerythroid forms/trophozoite and merazoite forms)
maltize cross form

38
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Cats are definitive host (shed oocysts in feces)
Infective oocysts transmit to intermediate hosts
Humans infected through ingestion of oocysts, tissue cysts in undercooked meat
Placental transmission
Bloodborne (through transfusion pruducts and needle sharing)

39
Q

Tachyzoites

A

trophozoites; acute infection

40
Q

Bradyzoites

A

form cysts in tissue (chronic infection)

41
Q

Clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis

A

Acute infection: systemic, flu-like febrile illness
Chronic infection: lymphandenitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalomyelitits, chorioretinitis
most infection mild; high risk of reactivatiion, disseminated/CNS disease in immunocompromised individuals (AIDS, transplant)
Congenital infection (transfered from mother through placenta)
abortion stillbirth, severe congenital disease
microcephaly, intracranial lesion, hydrocephalis, chorioetinitis, hearing loss

42
Q

Toxoplasmosis diagnosis

A

Serology: IgG detection (+=infection)
Prenatal diagnosis: amniotic fluid PCR
Direct visualization of tachyzoites/bradyzoites by microsocpy or PCR

43
Q

T cruzi

A

Human infection mediated by Triatomine bug (located in feces and transfered through bite

44
Q

Amastigotes

A

T cruzi in tissue

45
Q

Trypomastigotes

A

T cruzi in blood

46
Q

Chagas disease is caused by

A

T cruzi

47
Q

T cruzi

A

can be found in the Americas
Triatomine bug vector
Acute infection: chagoma at entry site (Romana’s sign), flu like febrile illness
Chronic infection: hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, megaesophgus, megacolon

48
Q

Chagas disease diagnosis

A

Trypomastigotes in blood
Amastigotes in tissue biopsy
PCR of blood can detect acute infection
Serology identifies exposure/chronic infection

49
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

infection by ingestion of cysts
Trophozoites cause extraintestional disease
Cysts and trophozoites can be detected in stool

50
Q

E histolytica

A

can be found worldwide
Transmission through ingestion of cysts (contaminated food and water, oral-anal intercourse)
3 outcomes: asymptomatic carrier
intestinal amebiasis: flask shaped ulcer in colonic mucosa, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea
extraintestional amebiasis: amebic liver abscess

51
Q

E histolytica infection

A

Microscopy: cysts and trophozoites in stool
Trophozoites with ingested RBCs are pathopneumonic

52
Q

Soil transmitted heminths

A

worldwide distribution
ingestion or skin exposure to eggs or larvae

53
Q

Filarial nematodes

A

distribution determined by insect vectors
adult worm in tissue
larvae=microfilaria
diagnose through detection of microflaria in blood or subcutaneous tissue

54
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Soil transmitted helminths
Transcutaneous infection from larvae in soil
Larvae passed in stool
Tissue damage/inflammation during larval migration through lungs to intestine
Eggs hatch in lost allowing autoinfection, chronic infection and risk for hyperinfection

55
Q

S stercolaris allows for

A

autoreinfection

56
Q

Strongyloides is present

A

worlwide and assoiated with poor sanitation

57
Q

Strongyloides chronic infection is caused by

A

autoinfection

58
Q

Strongyloides is assoiated with a risk for

A

hyperinfection associated with suppressed cellular immunity leading to dissemination and sepsis

59
Q

Strongyloidiasis diagnosis

A

Serology- IgG detection indicates exposure
Treatment: ivermectin

60
Q

Trematode (fluke) infections

A

require freshwater snails as intermediate hosts
Food-borne trematoads: prevalent in East asia and south america
infection through ingestion of larvae in undercooked aquatic vegtables, fish, crustaceans
causes sever liver and lung disease
operculated eggs

61
Q

Schistosoma

A

Transcutaneous infection from larvae in fresh water
Eggs shed from infected humans into feces or urine
Adult worms reside in vasculature
Paired adult worms migrate to mesenteric venules of bowel laying eggs that circulate to liver and shed in stools
Venous plexus of bladder eggs shed in urine
Eggs pass through wall of intestine or bladder

62
Q

Schistosoma infections

A

persits for decades with millions of eggs moving across mucosal walls

63
Q

Schistosomiasis (Biharzia)

A

Aculte infection (Katayama fever): febrile ilness, 1-2 moths post infection
Chronic infection: egg driven inflammatory pathology, fibrosis, end-organ disease

64
Q

S mansoni S japonicum (intestinal schistosomiasis)

A

S mansoni= prominant lateral spines
S japonicum= tiny lateral spine
Worms reside in mesenteric veules
transit bowel wall to pass in feces
many swept into portal vein with liver granulomas
leading to periportal fibrosis, potal HTN, and hepatosplenomegaly

65
Q

S haematobium (urogenital schistosomiasis)

A

terminal spine
egs transit in bladder wall to pass in urine causing hematuria, obstructive uropathy, bladder cancer
femal genital schistosomiasis

66
Q

Cestode (tapeworm) infections

A

Ingestion of larvae
adult worms in intestine
eggs and proglottids passed in stool
ingestion of eggs: larvae encyst in tissue

67
Q

T solium

A

Ingestion of eggs (fecal contamination, autoinfection)
larvae encyst in tissue

Ingestion of larvae (undercooked meat)-mature un intestine
Eggs passed in stool

68
Q

T solium epidemiology

A

common worldwide
free roaming pigs and poor sanitation
exposed to contamines feces containing eggs

69
Q

Taeniasis/cystercosis diagnosis and management

A

Taeniasis
asymptomatic
diagnosis through indentification of eggs or proglottids in stool

Cysticercosis
CNS, causes siezures
diagnosis by identification of calcified notules
treatment depends on viability of cysts

BDI (18 decks)

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