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PsyCoco > Problem 8 - Cooperation > Flashcards

Problem 8 - Cooperation Flashcards

1
Q

games

A

-interaction between 2 or more agents each of whom have 2 or more strategies available (which are associated with payoffs that depend on the action of the other person)

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2
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

- cooperation

A
  • nash equilibrium
  • both silent -> one year
  • both betray each other -> 5
  • only one talks -> 10 for one
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3
Q

Public goods game

A
  • everyone gets money
  • each individual decides how much to contribute to the pool
  • > pool is later divided and given back
  • best collectively rational strategies is to contribute
  • best individual strategy is not to contribute
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4
Q

Dictator game

A
  • 2 anonymous players are allotted a sum of money in a one shot interaction
  • Player 1 decides how to divide the money between the two
  • Player 2 receives allocation, game ends
  • pure measure of intrinsic motivation for equal offers
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5
Q

ultimatum game

A
  • 2 anonymous players are allotted a sum of money
  • Player 1 decides how to divide the money between the two
  • Player 2 accepts/rejects possible offers before hearing the actual offer
  • If he/she doesn’t accept, no one gets anything
  • both players know in advance the consequences of accepting/rejecting
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6
Q

Third-party punishment game ??

A
  • 2 anonymous players are allotted a sum of money
  • Player 1 decides how to divide the money
  • Player 2 has no choice
  • Player 3 ?
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7
Q

Evolution of cooperation

A

-downing strategy

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8
Q

factors influencing extent of cooperation (7)

A

1) consideration of others
2) empathy
3) fear
4) differences in values
5) Trust
6) Generosity
7) Communication

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9
Q

consideration of others - cooperation

A
  • less cooperation when it was known that the other cooperated (from 37% to 16%)
  • thinking harder about a task reduces cooperation (more likely to behave fairly when less capacity for thinking)
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10
Q

Empathy

A

-critical for social functioning and promotes prosocial behavior
-empathic failures
-empathy alone may be insufficient to produce pro-social behavior (esp. when parties differ in status/power)
-

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11
Q

Fear

A
  • of being taken for a sucker (too nice) / being punished for acting in self-interest
  • fear is removed -> behave in a greedy fashion
  • greed -> stronger effect on behavior than fear
  • observing a fair player being punished -> pain-related brain areas are activated
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12
Q

differences in values

A
  • categorization of social value orientation
    1) prosocial -> maximise joint gains , equality in outcomes
    2) individualists -> maximise own gains
    3) competitors -> maximise relative gain
  • values can be learned
  • social values orientations are based on our attachment style, family background, age and experience
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13
Q

trust - key word

A
  • trust leads to increased cooperation
  • more likely to trust people with good reputation
  • emotions affect trust ratings of others (except for family members)
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14
Q

moralistic punishment

A
  • fosters group cooperation

- punishment of non-cooperators -> motivates them to cooperate

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15
Q

Antisocial punishment

-key word

A
  • punishment of high cooperators
  • > destabilizes group cooperation and reduces beneficial effects of moralistic punishment
  • to stop high co-operators from looking too good
  • force them to cooperate less
  • to stop the antisocial punisher from looking selfish in comparison
  • the stronger the rule of law/strong norms of civic cooperation = less antioscial punishment
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16
Q

antisocial punishment: do-gooder derogation

A
  • putting down of morally motivated others
  • people who help others get criticized and ridiculed for their efforts
  • prevents escalation of generosity
  • risky tactic as it can make oneself look bad if done poorly
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17
Q

normative theory

A

punishment of all deviators no matter in which direction

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18
Q

biological markets theory

A
  • organisms can choose partners for cooperative interactions
  • > best partners are most able, willing, and available to provide benefits in cooperative interactions
  • organisms outbid each other to be chosen as partners
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19
Q

nash equilibrium

A
  • two or more players
  • > each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players
  • > no player has anything to gain by changing only their own strategy
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20
Q

tit for tat strategy

A
  • begins with cooperating (nice) and then always copies the action of the other, resulting in punishment of defection and rewarding cooperation
  • > Drawback: noise (erroneous , fehlerhaft), which can (unwillingly) lead to a cycle of never ending retaliation (Heimzahlung)
21
Q

Generosity

A
  • großzügig
  • in some situations people are not able to act generously (if it requires resources that they don’t have)
  • > this is where communication comes into play
22
Q

communication

A

-can solve the problem of noise and can ‘erase’ it

-

23
Q

Chicken problem

A
  • involves two people drive towards each other
  • who first turns the wheel is the chicken
  • > 2 nash equilibria:
    1) Player 1 drives straight, player 2 turns the wheel
    2) Player 2 drives straight, player 1 turns the wheel
  • related to real live situations including helping behavior, free-riding and the diffusion of responsibility when more than 2 people are involved
24
Q

Article: economics and greed

-> general conclusion

A

-Does business school education contribute to the culture of greed?

  • > positive relationship between economics education and attitudes toward greed
  • perceptions of greed and willingness to engage in (and justify) greedy behavior are malleable
25
Q

economics and greed

-> study one

A

do we need to know studies?

26
Q

psychological models of emotion - appraisal theory

A

-emotions = adaptive responses elicited based on how a person evaluates his situation
-appraisals are typically related to motivational goals of the person
-

27
Q

game theoretical models of emotion - simple guilt model

A

-a player feels guilty to the extent that his actions cause a coplayer to receive less than he expected

28
Q

anger

A
  • connected to frustration
  • > player A blames player B for not cooperating and thus player becomes frustrated and angry
  • differences in expectation and outcome -> anger-> drives costly punishment
  • fear of punishment/revenge ensures cooperation
29
Q

article - higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior -results

A
  • upper-class individuals:
  • greater resources, freedom, independence
  • > increases self-focused social-cognitive tendencies
  • worse at identifying others’ emotions
  • less generous and altruistic
  • Donate smaller proportions of their income to charity
  • value their own welfare over the welfare of others
⇒ upper-class people behaved more unethical in naturalistic and laboratory settings 
⇒greed is a robust determinant of unethical behavior
30
Q

Why are upper-class individuals more prone to unethical behavior?

A
  • relative independence from others
  • increased privacy in their professions
  • > may provide fewer constraints and decreased risk perception
  • independent self-view and entitlement reduce attention on the consequences of one’s actions on other
  • increases goal focus
31
Q

The brain and altruism, trust, fairness etc.

A
  • activation in reward-related brain areas
  • PFC :
  • > cognitive control
  • > processing of emotions
  • > integration of costs and benefits to resolve conflict between self-interest and other-regarding motives
32
Q

cognitive control -brain areas (4)

A
  • vmPFC
  • ACC- anterior cingulate cortex
  • anterior insula
  • DLPFC
33
Q

vmPFC

A
  • crucial role in decision making involving social preferences
  • integration of costs and benefits
  • lesioned..?
34
Q

ACC- anterior cingulate cortex

A
  • conflict monitoring

- activity consistent with trade-off between self-interest and prosocial motives

35
Q

Anterior insula

A
  • activity associated with degree of emotional resentment (Groll) of unfair offers
  • stronger activity -> more likely to reject an offer
36
Q

DLPFC

A
  • affects fairness related behaviors, not judgement
  • controls emotional impulse to reject unfair offers
  • when out of order -> increases acceptance of unfair offers
37
Q

reward-related brain areas (4)

A
  • striatum
  • nucleus accumbens
  • VTA
  • Oxytocin
38
Q

game theory

A

analyzing possible interactions between people

39
Q

behavioral game theory

A

-people are actually more cooperative than game theory predicts

40
Q

downing strategy

A

-selfish
-you either start by cooperation OR defection
-

41
Q

guilt

A

appraisal : failure to live up to expectations

-> individual wants to make up for failure

42
Q

simple trust game

A
  • choose to go out/ in game
  • if going out -> both get 1|1
  • if going in ->
  • can choose to share money (2|2)
  • can choose to have everything (4|0)
  • > other one expects to get money
  • > person donates because he/she would feel guilty otherwise
43
Q

neuro economic approach

A
  • combination of neuroscience and economics

- social

44
Q

theories of reciprocity and inequity aversion

A
  • subjects prefer mutual cooperation outcomes over defection
  • derive a hedonic value
  • ventral striatum
45
Q

social preference theories

A
  • prefer to punish unfair behavior
  • rewarding for yourself
  • explains altruistic punishment
  • PFC
46
Q

culture

A
  • people in industrialized countries are more cooperative

- punishment behaviors varied

47
Q

social neuro economics - key words

A

…

48
Q

fairness - key word

A

…

PsyCoco (27 decks)

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