Lecture 4- part: reasoning

Question 1

deductive reasoning

Answer 1

• big hypothesis -> observation -> confirmation

- Aristotle

Question 2

inductive reasoning

Answer 2

• observation -> pattern -> hypothesis

- Sherlock

Question 3

conditional reasoning

Answer 3

• deductive
• involves logical determination of whether the evidence supports, refutes or is irrelevant to the stated relationship
• if.. then relationship
• if: antecedent
• then: consequent

Question 4

modus ponens

Answer 4

• affirming antecedent

- A-yes = B-yes

Question 5

modus tollens

Answer 5

• denying consequent

- B-no = A-no

Question 6

wason selection task

Answer 6

• matching bias

- confirmation bias

Question 7

syllogistic reasoning

Answer 7

3 statements:

• first two parts state the premises
• third part states a conclusion based on the premises

Example:

1. All Polar bears are white
2. Knut is a polar bear
3. Therefore Knut is white

Question 8

mental models

Answer 8

• construction of different models in one’s mind depending on the problem
• each model represents a possibility
  example: coin- infinite scenarios, two mental models (heads, tails)

Question 9

mental models

Answer 9

1) principle of truth -> construction of mental models confirming the hypothesis (confirmation bias)
2. falsification by searching for counter examples ( in reality we don’t always falsify)
3. working memory -> limited reasoning
- > more mental models possible
- > less valid conclusions

Question 10

mental models - limitations (5)

Answer 10

1) overestimates the use of deductive reasoning
2) processes of mental models are under-specific
3) ignores individual differences
4) overestimates the use of falsification
5) evidence suggests two processes used to solve problems ( dual process model)

Question 11

dual system theories

Answer 11

system 1: unconcious, heuristics, fast, unlimited , parallel processing, independent of general intelligence

system 2: analytic, rule based, serial processing, limited capacity by working memory, dependent on general intelligence

Question 12

heuristic analytic theory of reasoning ?

Answer 12

-goal, task features etc (everything that is known) -> constrcuting most plausible or relevant model
……

Question 13

limitations heuristic analytic theory

Answer 13

• oversimplification of distinct implicit heuristics and explicit analytic thinking ??
• many analytic processes not clearly defined in function and use
• interaction of both processes is assumed but not explained