Problem 4 - reasoning

Question 1

Deductive reasoning

Answer 1

• assumptions from general to specific
• conclusions can add new information
• > conclusions have deductive validity: if and only if it is impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion to be false

Question 2

Dual-systems Theory

Answer 2

1) heuristic system, autonomous, does not require working memory, fast, high capacity
2) analytic system, deliberative, requires working memory, slow, analytic, resource demanding, able to operate only serially

Question 3

Problems dual systems theory

Answer 3

• boarder between different processes isn’t clear

- system 2 is not well explained

Question 4

Broca’s area

Answer 4

-deductive reasoning

Question 5

Left dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus

Answer 5

-inductive reasoning

Question 6

Left prefrontal cortex

Answer 6

-integrating relations

Question 7

Mental model theory -key word

Answer 7

-constructing different models in your mind depending on the problem

• principle of truth -> construct models concerning what is true but not what is false
• > many errors occur because of that
• constructing involves working memory

-searching for counter-examples -> if counter examples are not found, your original model seems fine

belief bias?

Question 8

Limitations of mental model theory

Answer 8

• not a real model because it is so vague

- assumes that people try to falsify their models

Question 9

syllogistic reasoning

Answer 9

• categorical syllogism
• 2 premises
• 1 conclusion

example:
1) all humans are mortal
2) socrates is a human
3) socrates is mortal

Question 10

wason selection task

Answer 10

• logic puzzle for study of deductive reasoning
• 4 cards lying on table
• each card has a letter on one side and a number on the other
• participant is told that a rule applies to cards (e.g. if a card has a vowel on one side it must have an even number on the other)
• task is to select only those cards that would need to be turned over to decide whether or not the rule is followed
• > need to select a card that would fail to obey the rule

Question 11

modus tollens

Answer 11

• TOLLWUT-> BÖSE-> nein und nein

- When we have ‘If A then B ‘ and we know B is false, A is also false

Question 12

inductive reasoning

Answer 12

• goes from specific to general
• new information is added
• conclusions represent information that was already implicit in the premises
• inductive strength: an argument has inductive strength if it is improbable (but not impossible) for premises to be true and the conclusion false

Question 13

2 kinds of deductive reasoning

Answer 13

• propositional reasoning

- syllogistic reasoning

Question 14

propositional reasoning

Answer 14

• drawing conclusions from premises that are in the form of propositions (Aussagen) that are either true of false (i.e. today is Friday)
• simple propositions can be hooked together into more complicated (compound) ones by using certain logical connectives (and,not, if-then)

Question 15

fallacies (2)

Answer 15

rules that produce conclusions that are false even if the premises are true

• > affirming the consequent
• > denying the antecedent

Question 16

affirmation (Beteuerung) of the consequences

Answer 16

-when the consequence is said to be true, the antecedent is also assumed to be true as well

• if the bell is ringing, then the dog is barking
• > the dog is barking, therefore the bell is ringing
• > FALSE! FALLACY!

Question 17

denial of antecedent (Vordersatz)

Answer 17

• when the antecedent is said not to be true, the conclusion is also assumed not to be true
• if the bell is ringing, then the dog is barking
• the bell is not ringing, therefore the dog is not barking
• > FALSE! FALLACY

Question 18

types of inductive reasoning (2)

Answer 18

• analogical reasoning

- hypothesis testing

Question 19

analogical reasoning

Answer 19

• A is to B as C is to…
• complexity depends on multiple factors, like relationship between two terms, how many possibilities there are for blank term , how easy these are called to mind…
• inductive reasoning

Question 20

Hypothesis testing

Answer 20

example: you are given 3 numbers (2,4,6) and you have to find out which rule this triplet follows
- cannot ask questions
- one has to offer own examples and get feedback on it
- most people fail to test their rule by giving counterexamples

Question 21

confirmation bias

Answer 21

• participants want their rule to be confirmed rather than trying to test (and falsify) it
• tendency to look only for information that supports your existing beliefs

Question 22

belief bias

Answer 22

• thinking something is valid cause it seems more believable
• belief bias will be stronger when only heuristic processes are used than when analytic ones are also used

Question 23

which bias plays a role in the wason selection task?

Answer 23

• matching bias
• > tendency for participants to select cards matching items named in the rule regardless of whether the matched items are correct /relevant

Question 24

modus ponens

Answer 24

PRIMA

• > yes and yes
• if a then b
• > given a we can validly infer b

Question 25

componential approach - sternberg

Answer 25

-reasoning by analyzing a task into its components cognitive processes (mental subroutines)

Question 26

3 components of componential approach - sternberg

Answer 26

1) performance components = individual cognitive processes
2) metacomponents =executive processes used in planning and monitoring of a task
3) knowledge acquisition components= used whenever we acquire new information

Question 27

problem componential approach

Answer 27

inability to use certain components effectively

Question 28

rules/heuristic approach

Answer 28

• treat reasoning as a special mental process

- rely on special-purpose mental rules (like grammer) for inferences

Question 29

Cheng - rules/heuristic approach

Answer 29

-people interpret problems in terms of what they are about and based on that use different schemata

Question 30

Braine - rules/heuristic approach

Answer 30

-people can and do use the same set of abstract rules in all situations

Question 31

Cosmides - rules/heuristic approach

Answer 31

-social contract theory:
evolutionary adaptive mechanisms for reasoning -> especially good at tasks when content is constructed in terms of social costs and benefits

Question 32

heuristic- analytic theory - Evans

Answer 32

system 1: heuristic , independent from general intelligence

system 2 : analytic , dependent on general intelligence

Question 33

reasoning based on 3 principles - heuristic analytic theory

Answer 33

1) singularity principle -> single mental model considered
2) relevance principle -> most relevant is considered
3) satisfying principle

Question 34

brain correlates

Answer 34

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