Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mechanism of disease > Principles Of Toxicology > Flashcards

Principles Of Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of adverse effects of xenobiotics on living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hippocrate participation in toxicology

A

Added number of poisons and clinical toxicology principles pertaining to bioavailability in therapy and overdosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Paracelsus participation in toxicology

A

Found toxicon As a chemical entity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Divisions of Toxicology

A 
Descriptive
 risk assessment 
mechanistic 
informational
 regulatory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Descriptive toxicology

A

Involves experiments to provide standards toxicological data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mechanistic toxicology

A

Identification and understanding of cellular biochemical and molecular mechanism by which chemicals exert toxic affects on organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Risk assessments toxicology

A

Demonstration of an adverse outcome observed in laboratory animals and to see if it’s directly relevant to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Informational toxicology

A

Collection collation dissemination of toxicological information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regulatory toxicology

A

Evaluation of is enable data to make decision about application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toxin

A

Toxic substances produced by biological system such as plants animals fungi or bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Toxicant

A

Toxic substances produced by all my projects of anthropogenic activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is zeralanone a toxin or a toxicant

A

Toxin because produced by mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is dioxin a toxin or toxicant

A

Toxicant because produced by combustion if chlorinated organic chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Toxic agents classification

A

Physical states
chemical stability or reactivity
general chemical structure
poisoning potential

Biochemical mechanism of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Toxicity

A

Property of an agent to adversely affect an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hazard

A

Potential for toxicity of an agent to be realized in a particular situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk

A

Probability that a hazard will be realized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Safety

A

Probability that hazard will not be realized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Undesired effect

A

In therapeutics drugs address a primary objective so all the other effects Are referred as undesirable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diphenhydramine side effects

A

Used to reduce histamine response in allergies but can cause CNS depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deleterious side effect

A

Never desirable side effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type of toxic reactions

A

Pharmacological
pathological
genotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Allergic reactions

A

Adverse reaction from sensitization to particular chemical or to a similar one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do you have dose response relationship in allergic reaction

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Four types of hyper sensitivity

A

Type one anaphylactic mediated by IGE antibodies

Type two cytolytic reaction mediated by IgG and IGM antibodies By activating complement system

Type three or arthus reaction mediated by IgG with generation of antigen antibody complexes which will fix complements

Type 4 or delayed hypersensitivity due to T lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Main target of type one hypersensitivity

A

G.I. tract - food allergies

skin - urticaria , atopic dermatitis

respiratory system - rhinitis is asthma

Vasculature - anaphylactic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Examples of type two allergic response is

A

Penicillin hemolytic anemia

Methyldopa autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Quinidine thrombocytopenic purpura

Sulfonamide granulocytopenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Serum sickness caused by

A

Type iii hypersensitivity

29
Q

Idiosyncratic forms

A

Extreme sensitivity to low Dose

Extreme insensitivity to high doses

30
Q

Descriptives of response

A

Local vs systemic
Reversible vs irreversible
Immediate vs delayed
Graded vs quantal

31
Q

System most affected in order of frequency

A 
CNS
Heart 
Circulatory system 
Blood 
Hematopoietic system
32
Q

Chemical carcinogens types

A

Genotoxic

Non genotoxic

33
Q

Test used to screen for carcinogenicity

A

Mutagenicity test ( Ames test with salmonella typhimuriumwith enzyme phosphoribosyl ATP Synthétase required for histidine synthesis

Test on lab rodents with chemical at high dosage and autopsy at death

34
Q

Drugs interactions

A

Competition at receptor ( atropine and organophosphate)

Non receptor interaction (heparin and aspirin causing bleeding )

35
Q

Additive effect of two drugs

A

Equals the sum of the effects of each agent given alone

2+3=5

36
Q

Synergistic effect of drugs

A

Combines effects of two chemicals exceeds the sum of the effects of each agents given alone
(3+2=20)

37
Q

Potentiation of drugs

A

Increased effects of ataxic agents acting simultaneously with a non toxic one

38
Q

Antagonism

A

Interference of one chemical with action of another

39
Q

Functional or physiological antagonism

A

To chemicals produce opposite effect on the same physiological function

40
Q

Chemical antagonism or inactivation

A

Reaction between two chemicals to neutralize their effects

41
Q

Dispositional antagonism

A

Alteration of the disposition of a substance so that less of the agents reaches the target organ or it’s persistence there is reduced

42
Q

Receptor antagonism

A

Blockades of the effects of an

Agonist with an appropriate antagonist that competes for the same site

43
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased responsiveness to a toxic effects of a chemical resulting from prior exposure to that chemical or to a structurally related chemical

44
Q

To mechanisms of Tolerance

A

Decreased amount of toxicant reaching sites where toxic effect is produced

Reduced responsiveness of tissue to the chemical

45
Q

2 chemicals that produce dispositional tolerance

A 
Carbon tetrachloride (tolerance to itself by reducing formation of reactive metabolite )
cadmium (bind to metallithionein rather than macromolecules )
46
Q

Major factors of exposure that influence toxicity

A

Route of exposure
duration of exposure
frequency of exposure

47
Q

Type of routes and sites of exposure

A

Ingestion
Inhalation

Dermal topical
Injection

48
Q

Units of amount of chemical entering the body dose

A

Milligram per kilogram

49
Q

Doseis dependent upon

A 
Environmental concentration 
properties of the toxicant 
frequency of exposure 
length of exposure 
exposure pathway
50
Q

As those of a toxicants increases , the response …

A

Also increases

51
Q

ED50

A

Effective dose At which 50% of the population showed a response

52
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose to 50% of population

53
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Ratio of dose required to produce a toxic effects and the dose needed to elicit the desired therapeutic response

54
Q

Margin of safety

A

Toxic dose 1% over effective dose 99%

55
Q

Paradigms of adverse effects

A 
On target
Off target 
Drug producing toxic metabolites 
Drug stimulating certain immune response 
Idiosyncratic responses
56
Q

On target toxic effect

A

Exaggeration of the desired pharmacologic effect

57
Q

On target toxic effect causes

A

Overdosing
alterations in PK

Changes in drug receptor interaction

58
Q

Off target Toxic effects

A

Drug interacts with unintended target

59
Q

Example of a drug with an off target toxic affects

A

Terfenadine antihistamine inhibits also cardiac K+ channel leading to fatal cardiac arrythmias

Rafemic thalidomide , R enantiomer was effective sedative and S Enantiomer a teratogen

B adrénergiques antagonists used for B1 on heart cause bronchonstriction at B2

60
Q

Drugs with production of toxic metabolites example

A

Acetaminophen metabolized by glucuronidation and sulfation
CYP450 forms n acetyl benzoquinoneimime Which is directly conjugated to glutathione depleting glutathione when acetaminophen above therapeutics range

Accumulation of n acetyl benzoquinoneimine forms toxic proteins to liver

61
Q

Drugs with harmful immune responses

A

Some drugs can act as haptens
When bind to protein in the body, trigger immune response

Some drugs already large enough to trigger directly immune response

62
Q

Two principal immune mechanism of drug that produce adverse effects

A

Hypersensitivity responses

Autoimmune reaction

63
Q

Drugs involved in type one hypersensitivity reaction

A

Penicillin acting like hapten

64
Q

Drugs involved in type 2 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Penicillin

Quinidine

65
Q

Drugs involved in type three hypersensitivity reactions

A

Buproprion

Cefaclor

66
Q

Direct involved in type 4hypersensitivity reaction

A

Ciprofloxacin

67
Q

Drugs that can initiate auto immunity responses

A

Methyldopa- can cause hemolytic anemia by attacking rhesus

Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Procainamide

68
Q

Idiosyncratic toxicity

A

Drugs with toxicity that the mechanism is difficult to explain

mechanism of disease (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions