Irreversible Cell Injury

Question 1

Cellular level morphology of cell death

Answer 1

Mitochondria swelling
Membrane damage 
Lysosomes swelling 
Amorphous densities in mitochondrial 
Lysosomal membranes rupture

Question 2

Microscopic morphology of cell death

Answer 2

Pyknosis 
Karyolysis 
Karyorrhexis
Increased Eosinophilia 
Increased eosin
Vacuoalrion

Question 3

Pyknosis

Answer 3

Small and dark nucleus

Question 4

Karyolysis

Answer 4

Nucleus dissolution

Question 5

Karyorrhexis

Answer 5

Nuclear fragmentation

Question 6

Necrosis

Answer 6

Death of contiguous cells in living tissue ( focal or diffuse )

Question 7

Is necrosis physiologic ?

Answer 7

No always pathological

Question 8

What form of necrosis occur in enzymatic digestion

Answer 8

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 9

What necrosis occur in dénaturation of protein

Answer 9

Coagulative necrosis

Question 10

Causes of coagulative necrosis

Answer 10

Ischaemia
Sudden cessation of blood
Bacterial toxins
Chemicals

Question 11

Macroscopic morphology of coagulative necrosis

Answer 11

Early is pale and swollen

Later dull Yellow and soft

Question 12

Microscopic morphology of coagulative necrosis

Answer 12

Pyknosis
Karyolysis
Karyorrhexis

Question 13

Causeous necrosis

Answer 13

Yellowish 
Soft granular 
Friable 
Loss of cellular outline 
Amorphous

Question 14

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 14

Putrefaction

wet gangrene with ezymatic digestion

Dry gangrene with no enzymatic degradation

Question 15

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 15

Seen in Malignant hypertension

Necrosis of small vessels with fibrin like inflammatory complexes

Question 16

Enzymatic fat necrosis

Answer 16

Adipose tissue trauma 
Fat  liberated 
Inflammation 
Iipolytic activity of fat cells 
Due to pancreatic enzymes 
Glossy Chalky white areas

Question 17

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 17

Focal degradation with softening and liquefaction seen in infections

Creamy yellow pus

Question 18

Is resolution of necrosis possible in the cardiac cells ?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Is resolution of necrosis possible in liver v

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Organization of necrosis

Answer 20

Replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue

Question 21

What tissue with hypoxic death can cause liquefactive necrosis

Answer 21

Brain tissue

Question 22

What disease most seen with caseous necrosis

Answer 22

Tb

Question 23

Apoptosis

Answer 23

Death of individual cell

Question 24

Is apoptosis always pathogenic

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Is there inflammation in apoptosis ?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Mitochondrial pathway / intrinsic pathway

Answer 26

Loss of antiapoptic proteins ( blc 2 bcl xl, mcl1) Pro apoptosis molecules released ( bax bak) which release cyt c Caspase 9 activated which inhibits iaps Caspase 3 activated for execution

Question 27

Extrinsic pathway

Answer 27

Binding of plasma proteins death receptors Tumor necrosis receptor Activation of caspases.

Question 28

Pathological causes of apoptosis

Answer 28

DNA damage Accumulation of misfolded proteins Cell death in certain infection

Question 29

Morphology of apoptosis

Answer 29

Cell shrinkage Chromatin condensation peripherally Cytoplasmic blebs Apoptotic bodies Round or oval mass

Question 30

Intercellular accumulation

Answer 30

Abnormal amount of various substances endogenous or exogenous

Question 31

Steatosis / fatty change

Answer 31

Abnormal accumulation of TGs

Question 32

Most common site of steatosis

Answer 32

Liver

Question 33

Causes of steatosis

Answer 33

``` Toxins Protein malnutrition Diabetes mellitus Obesity Anoxia ```

Question 34

Atherosclerosis

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

Xanthomas

Answer 35

Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages

Question 36

Cholesterolosis

Answer 36

Accumulation of cholesterol laden macrophages in lamina propria of gall bladder

Question 37

Niemann pick disease

Answer 37

Cholesterol accumulate in multiple organs due to lysosomal storage disease

Question 38

Protein accumulation morphology

Answer 38

Round , eosinophil droplets, vacuoles, aggregates in cytoplasm

Question 39

Réabsorption droplets in proximal renal tubules

Answer 39

Proteinuria leading to increased proteins réabsorption

Question 40

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins

Answer 40

Cytoskeletal proteins accumulation

Question 41

Hyaline change

Answer 41

Alteration within cell leading to homogeneous glassy pink appearance

Question 42

Causes of glycogen accumulation

Answer 42

Diabetes | Glycogen storage disease

Question 43

Most common exogenous pigment accumulation

Answer 43

Carbon

Question 44

Types of endogenous pigments accumulation

Answer 44

Lipofuscin Melanin Hemosiderin ( iron storage accumulation )

Question 45

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 45

Deposition of calcium in necrotic zone

Question 46

Metastatic calcification

Answer 46

Due to hypercalcemia