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mechanism of disease > Irreversible Cell Injury > Flashcards

Irreversible Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular level morphology of cell death

A 
Mitochondria swelling
Membrane damage 
Lysosomes swelling 
Amorphous densities in mitochondrial 
Lysosomal membranes rupture
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2
Q

Microscopic morphology of cell death

A 
Pyknosis 
Karyolysis 
Karyorrhexis
Increased Eosinophilia 
Increased eosin
Vacuoalrion
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3
Q

Pyknosis

A

Small and dark nucleus

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4
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nucleus dissolution

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5
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Nuclear fragmentation

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6
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of contiguous cells in living tissue ( focal or diffuse )

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7
Q

Is necrosis physiologic ?

A

No always pathological

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8
Q

What form of necrosis occur in enzymatic digestion

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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9
Q

What necrosis occur in dénaturation of protein

A

Coagulative necrosis

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10
Q

Causes of coagulative necrosis

A

Ischaemia
Sudden cessation of blood
Bacterial toxins
Chemicals

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11
Q

Macroscopic morphology of coagulative necrosis

A

Early is pale and swollen

Later dull Yellow and soft

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12
Q

Microscopic morphology of coagulative necrosis

A

Pyknosis
Karyolysis
Karyorrhexis

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13
Q

Causeous necrosis

A 
Yellowish 
Soft granular 
Friable 
Loss of cellular outline 
Amorphous
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14
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Putrefaction

wet gangrene with ezymatic digestion

Dry gangrene with no enzymatic degradation

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15
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Seen in Malignant hypertension

Necrosis of small vessels with fibrin like inflammatory complexes

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16
Q

Enzymatic fat necrosis

A 
Adipose tissue trauma 
Fat  liberated 
Inflammation 
Iipolytic activity of fat cells 
Due to pancreatic enzymes 
Glossy Chalky white areas
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17
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Focal degradation with softening and liquefaction seen in infections

Creamy yellow pus

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18
Q

Is resolution of necrosis possible in the cardiac cells ?

A

No

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19
Q

Is resolution of necrosis possible in liver v

A

Yes

20
Q

Organization of necrosis

A

Replacement of necrotic tissue by fibrous tissue

21
Q

What tissue with hypoxic death can cause liquefactive necrosis

A

Brain tissue

22
Q

What disease most seen with caseous necrosis

A

Tb

23
Q

Apoptosis

A

Death of individual cell

24
Q

Is apoptosis always pathogenic

A

No

25
Q

Is there inflammation in apoptosis ?

A

No

26
Q

Mitochondrial pathway / intrinsic pathway

A

Loss of antiapoptic proteins ( blc 2 bcl xl, mcl1)

Pro apoptosis molecules released ( bax bak) which release cyt c

Caspase 9 activated which inhibits iaps

Caspase 3 activated for execution

27
Q

Extrinsic pathway

A

Binding of plasma proteins death receptors

Tumor necrosis receptor

Activation of caspases.

28
Q

Pathological causes of apoptosis

A

DNA damage

Accumulation of misfolded proteins

Cell death in certain infection

29
Q

Morphology of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinkage

Chromatin condensation peripherally

Cytoplasmic blebs

Apoptotic bodies

Round or oval mass

30
Q

Intercellular accumulation

A

Abnormal amount of various substances endogenous or exogenous

31
Q

Steatosis / fatty change

A

Abnormal accumulation of TGs

32
Q

Most common site of steatosis

A

Liver

33
Q

Causes of steatosis

A 
Toxins 
Protein malnutrition 
Diabetes mellitus 
Obesity
Anoxia
34
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Yes

35
Q

Xanthomas

A

Accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages

36
Q

Cholesterolosis

A

Accumulation of cholesterol laden macrophages in lamina propria of gall bladder

37
Q

Niemann pick disease

A

Cholesterol accumulate in multiple organs due to lysosomal storage disease

38
Q

Protein accumulation morphology

A

Round , eosinophil droplets, vacuoles, aggregates in cytoplasm

39
Q

Réabsorption droplets in proximal renal tubules

A

Proteinuria leading to increased proteins réabsorption

40
Q

Accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins

A

Cytoskeletal proteins accumulation

41
Q

Hyaline change

A

Alteration within cell leading to homogeneous glassy pink appearance

42
Q

Causes of glycogen accumulation

A

Diabetes

Glycogen storage disease

43
Q

Most common exogenous pigment accumulation

A

Carbon

44
Q

Types of endogenous pigments accumulation

A

Lipofuscin
Melanin
Hemosiderin ( iron storage accumulation )

45
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A

Deposition of calcium in necrotic zone

46
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Due to hypercalcemia

mechanism of disease (22 decks)

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