Principles of Ortho Journals and FL Flashcards
Camiletti JSAP 2024 - Long-term outcomes of atrophic/ oligotrophic non-unions in dogs and cats treated with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation: 19 cases (2014-2021)
What % of non-unions healed?
95%
Camiletti JSAP 2024 - Long-term outcomes of atrophic/ oligotrophic non-unions in dogs and cats treated with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone graft and circular external skeletal fixation: 19 cases (2014-2021)
What % of cases had an excellent long term outcome?
What % of cases had a good long term outcome?
78%
16%
Ferrell VS 2019 - Impact of postoperative antibiotics on rates of infection and implant removal after tibial tuberosity advancement in 1768 canine stifles
What was the post-op infection rate?
Did AB admin post-op affect rate of infection?
4.6%
NO
Tuan VS 2019 - Risk of infection after double locking plate and screw fixation of tibial plateau levelling osteotomies in dogs weighing greater than 50 kilograms
What was the SSI %?
17.5%
Nabholz VCOT 2019 - Safety and accuracy of minimally invasive long bone fracture repair using a 2.5mm interlocking nail: a cadaveric feline study
What type of interlocking nail was used (and brand)?
Which is the ONLY bone that the authors recommend its use in?
Inverse locking nail - Targon Vet System
Tibia
Mascellino VCOT 2023 - A Retrospective Short-Term Evaluation Using a Polyaxial Plating System in 60 Small Animal Fractures
Bony union was achieved in what % of cases?
What was the mean time to radiographic union?
100%
6 weeks
Marturello VS 2021 - Clinical application of the small I-Loc interlocking nail in 30 feline fractures: A prospective study
What was the mean medullary canal fill achieved?
What % of cases had open reduction?
Average time to union was?
<50%
75%
7.2 weeks
Yeh JAVMA 2021 - Description of and complications associated with reinforced, free-form external skeletal fixation for treatment of appendicular fractures in cats
What % of cases had complications?
What factors increased risk of complications?
26%
higher body weight, tibial fractures, use of Type 2 fixator, use of destabilisation
Marshall VS 2022 - Delayed union, non-union and mal-union in 442 dogs
What % of dogs had delayed union, non-union and malunion?
List 5 risk factors that increased risk of delayed/non-union
14%, 4.6%, 0.7%
Age, SSI, use of bone graft, comminuted fracture, major implant failure
Reyes JFMA 2019 - Incidence and types of preceding and subsequent fractures in cats with patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome
What % of cats had dental abnormalities?
What % of cats had fracture to other bones?
48%
41%
Rubinos JFMS 2022 - Traumatic physeal fractures in cats: a review of 36 cases
What was the most common location for a physeal fracture?
What was the most common type of physeal fracture?
Distal femoral physis
SH type 2
Kaczmarek VCOT 2020 - Mechanical Performance of a Polyaxial Locking Plate (PLS) and the Influence of Screw Angulation in a Fracture Gap Model
What was the main finding?
Polyaxial locking plates were 30% weaker than LCP plates
Marturello VCOT 2021 - Evaluation of a feline bone surrogate and in vitro mechanical comparison of small interlocking nail systems in mediolateral bending
Which of the 3 constructs (I-Loc, LCP, Targon) had the least angular deformation?
I-Loc
Schrock VCOT 2022 - Outcomes and Complications Associated with Acute Gunshot Fractures in Cats and Dogs
What % of cases had a poor fracture outcome? And what was this associated with?
54%
Extensive soft tissue injury
Park VCOT 2022 - Effect of Bidirectional Insertion of External Skeletal Fixation Pins on Axial Pullout Strength in Canine Cadaveric Bone
What type of pins had the greatest pullout strength?
What other significant finding was made?
Positive profile pin
Pins inserted to the desired position had greater pullout strength than those inserted beyond and withdrawn.
Gallaher VS 2019 - Effects of short- and long-term administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on osteotomy healing in dogs
What effect did long term administration of Carprofen (8wk) have on bone healing?
Long-term administration of carprofen (8 weeks) had lower bone healing at 4 & 8 weeks post-op than dogs having none or shorter administration of carprofen.
Thompson VS 2020 - Influence of wire configuration on resistance to fragment distraction of tension bands placed in a greater trochanteric osteotomy model
What is the strongest and most stable configuration?
Double loop wire
Marturello VS 2020 - Mechanical comparison of two small interlocking nails in torsion using a feline bone surrogate
Which IL system was associated with an increased risk of post-explantation iatrogenic fracture?
Targon
Butare-Smith VS 2022 - Double-loop cerclage resists greater loads for more cycles than twist and single-loop cerclage
What was the main mechanism of loosening of the twist knot?
Untwisting
Gremley VS 2023 - The effect of grip location on Kirschner wire bend characteristics: An in vitro study
At what level is it recommended to ‘grip’ the K wire to reduce bend angle and radius?
0.9mm
1.1mm
1.6mm
2cm
3cm
3cm
Berger VS 2023 - The use of subchondral bone topography to approximate the center of rotation of the elbow joint in dogs
How was the COR of the FMCP elbow different to ‘normal’ elbows?
More caudal than normal
Danielski VS 2022 - Complications after proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy and prognostic factors in 66 dogs
What was the overall post-op complication rate?
Major complication rate?
Main complications?
What risk factor was associated with risk of complications?
25%
17.5%
Non-union, implant failure, infection
Bodyweight
Clarke VS 2020 - Effect of sedation or general anaesthesia on elbow goniometry and thoracic limb circumference measurements in dogs with naturally occurring elbow osteoarthritis
How did sedation/GA affect ROM?
Elbow ROM increased by 11 degrees under sedation and 5 degrees under GA
Sasaki VS 2020 - Traumatic medial luxation of the triceps brachii tendon with medial subluxation of the elbow joint in a dog
What surgical technique was utilised?
Surgical correction with antirotational suture & stopper pin + spica splint 12 days post-op
Petkov VS 2019 - Radial torsion in dogs with medial compartment disease
What % of dogs had external radial rotation?
External torsion in 77%
Coghill VCOT 2021 - Mid- to long-term outcome after arthroscopy and proximal abducting ulnar osteotomy versus arthroscopy alone in dogs with medial compartment disease: thirty cases
What was the main finding of this study?
No significant difference in owner-assessed outcome with/without PAUL
Rohwedder VCOT 2021 - Relation of Computed Tomography-Based Static Axial Radioulnar Incongruence Measurements under General Anaesthesia and Dynamic, In Vivo RUI during the Walk in Canine Elbow Joints with and without Medial Coronoid Process Disease
How did the sRUI and dRUI compare between dogs with MCP disease and control population?
Mean sRUI and dRUI greater in dog w. MCP disease
McCarthy VCOT 2020 - Elbow arthrodesis using a medially positioned plate in 6 dogs
What was the major and minor complication rate?
Major - 50%
Minor - 30%
Williams JSAP 2020 - Multi-centre retrospective study of the long-term outcome following suspected traumatic elbow luxation in 32 cats
Which direction of luxation was most common?
What surgery was most commonly performed?
What was the catastrophic, major and minor complication rate?
Lateral
Transcondylar bone tunnels and circumferential suture
3%, 34%, 16%
Williams JSAP 2020 - Multi-centre retrospective study of the long-term outcome following suspected traumatic elbow luxation in 32 cats
What % of elbows reluxated after closed reduction?
61%
Scharpf VCOT 2023 - Assessment of Outcome of Arthroscopic Subtotal Coronoidectomy in Treating Medial Coronoid Disease and Effect of Concurrent Autologous Conditioned Plasma in Dogs Using Force Plate Analysis
What was main finding of the study?
No significant difference in force plate analysis between dogs receiving ACP or the placebo
Crystal VCOT 2023 - Effect of Medial Opening Wedge and External Rotational Humeral Osteotomies on Medial Elbow Compartment Pressure: An Ex Vivo Study
What modifications of the medial humeral opening wedge decreased medial compartment load?
Which osteotomy technique resulted in less medial compartment loading?
Osteotomy at 75% length and increasing wedge angle
Opening wedge (c.f. rotational)
Pierrot JAVMA 2023 - Presumed concurrent medial coronoid process fracture is a frequent radiographic finding in dogs and cats with humeral condylar fractures
What % of cases presenting with humeral condylar fractures had a presumed fracture of the MCP?
Size of the presumed fragment was associated with?
48%
Increasing body weight
Danner JAVMA 2024 - Computed tomography-guided cannulated lag screw placement for treatment of ununited anconeal process: surgical technique, clinical outcome, and radiographic healing in 7 dogs
What % had PUO concurrently?
What % achieved full or partial union (and what was the mean age of the dogs)?
62.5%
100% (mean age 14 months)
Easter 2020 - Accuracy of three-dimensional printed patient-specific drill guides for treatment of canine humeral intracondylar fissure
What % of screws using guides were intra-articular?
0%
Mella VCOT 2022 - Computed Tomographic Features of Non-Lame French Bulldog Elbows
What were the main features?
No HIFs, 38% had intracondylar sclerotic band
Castaldo VCOT 2021 - Biomechanical Comparison of External Fixation and Double Plating for Stabilization of a Canine Cadaveric Supracondylar Humeral Fracture Gap Model
What system had a higher yield load?
Double plating
Gall JFMS 2022 - Analysis of feline humeral fracture morphology and a comparison of fracture repair stabilisation methods: 101 cases (2009–2020)
What factor was positively correlated with time to radiographic healing and acceptable function?
Body weight
Anderson VS 2023 - Humeral condylar fractures and fissures in the French bulldog
Which fixation technique were most likely to result in a major complication? How much more likely? What was this complication?
What % had a HIF?
Transcondylar screw and K wires (7.62x), TCS migration
58%
Jenkins 2022 - Medial epicondylar fissure fracture as a complication of transcondylar screw placement for the treatment of humeral intracondylar fissure
What was the incidence of medial epicondylar fissure fracture?
What increased the risk of MEF#?
What other complication was most frequently seen?
11% following ML transcondylar screw placement
Larger screw size to height of condyle
Screw loosening
Raleigh VS 2021 - Influence of interlocking thread screws to repair simulated adult canine humeral condylar fractures
How was the biomechanical performance of constructs affected with interlocking thread screws?
It was improved
Garcia VS 2020 - Bilateral locking compression plate and transcondylar screw fixation for stabilisation of canine bicondylar humeral fractures
What was the major complication rate reported?
7%
Villamil VS 2020 - Impact of breed on canine humeral condylar fracture configuration, surgical management, and outcome
Which breed is most likely affected by medial condylar fracture (how much more likely)?
What % had reduced elbow ROM post-op?
What % had an excellent outcome?
F.Bulldog (6.58x
69%
84%
Brash VCOT 2022 - Visibility of Transcondylar Screw Fractures in Standard and Extended Scale Computed Tomography Images
What % of screw fractures were visualised with the aid of extended scale CT?
What CT finding is indicative of screw fracture?
100%
A hypoattenuating streak perpendicular to the implant in standard images
Schettler VCOT 2022 - A Prevalence Study of Canine Humeral Condylar Fractures Over a Ten-Year Period at an Academic Teaching Hospital
What are the most likely breeds affected by humeral condylar fractures?
Which fracture morphologies are most common (in order give 3)?
F.Bulldogs, Cocker Sp., Boston Terriers, Brittany Spaniels
Lateral condylar fractures, Y/T, Medial condylar
Kvale JSAP 2022 - Epicondylar plate fixation of humeral condylar fractures in immature French bulldogs: 45 cases
What was the overall complication rate?
What % had an excellent short term outcome?
13% (9% major, 4% minor)
78%
Carwardine JSAP 2021 - Outcomes, complications and risk factors following fluoroscopically guided transcondylar screw placement for humeral intracondylar fissure
What was the post-op complication rate? Major complication rate?
What % required revision surgery?
What was the most common major complication?
45% (20%)
15%
Implant failure, persistent SSI
Fuchter VCOT 2023 - Biomechanical Comparison of Cortical Lag Screws and Cortical Position Screws for Their Generation of Interfragmentary Compression and Area of Compression in Simulated Lateral Humeral Condylar Fractures
What was the main finding?
Ovine model. 3.5 lag generated greater compression than preloaded positional screw.
Condon VCOT 2024 - Humeral Condylar Fractures in French Bulldogs—Inciting Cause and Factors Influencing Complications of Internal Fixation in 136 Dogs
What was the most common form of humeral condylar fracture?
What was the overall complication rate? And what % were major vs minor?
What increased risk of major complications?
Lateral condylar fracture (70%)
22% (33% major, 66% minor)
Comminution of fracture
Low VCOT 2023 - Long-Term Outcome and Complications after Transcondylar Screw Placement for Canine Humeral Intracondylar Fissure
What was the total complication rate (and major comp)?
What factor was associated with a DECREASED risk of complications?
17.5% (5%)
Increasing age
Post-operative complication not associated with less than full function
Neal VS 2023 - The effect of an aiming device on the accuracy of humeral transcondylar screw placement
Risk of joint involvement was greater or lower in the aiming device group?
8x GREATER (but not significant)
What is this implant called? What is it for?
Canine humeral anatomic plating system (CHAPS) for humeral condylar fracture repair in spaniels
Danielski VS 2022 - Humero-anconeal elbow incongruity in spaniel breed dogs with humeral intracondylar fissure: Arthroscopic findings
What arthroscope portal was used?
What was the main finding?
Caudo-medial arthroscope portal - midpoint between epicondyle & olecranon.
Elbows with HIF had a focal cartilage lesion on the caudal aspect of the humeral condyle - ranged from simple indentation to full thickness cartilage erosion.
Humero-anconeal incongruity identified in all HIF elbows.
Crehuet VS 2021 - Biomechanical comparison of humeral condyles with experimental intracondylar fissures immobilized with a transcondylar positional or a lag screw: An ex-vivo study in dogs
What was the main finding?
Stiffness, yield load and maximum load were greater in constructs fixed with a positional rather than a lag screw.
Pardo VS 2021 - Accuracy of medial-to-lateral transcondylar screw placement using an aiming device and preoperative computer tomography planning for the treatment of humeral intracondylar fissure
What % of screws were completely within the condyle?
What % of screws were placed <2mm from planned entry and exit points?
97%
38%
IMEX AIMING DEVICE
Eayrs VCOT 2021 - Repair of Fractures of the Lateral Aspect of the Humeral Condyle in Skeletally Mature Dogs with Locking and Non-Locking Plate
What % of fractures had a persistent visible intracondylar fracture line at post-op imaging?
80%
Danielski VS 2024 - Influence of oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy on humeral intracondylar fissures in 35 spaniel breed dogs
What % of elbows had partial or complete healing?
What was the rate of major complications?
80% (25.4% partial, 54.9% complete)
15%
Potamopo VCOT 2023 - Correlation between the Insertion Side of a Transcondylar Screw for the Surgical Management of Humeral Intracondylar Fissures in Dogs and the Incidence of Postoperative Surgical Site Infection
What was the main finding?
No significant difference in short term SSI occurrence between ML and LM screws.
Shelter VS 2022 - The use of lateral arthroscopy portals for the management of bilateral osteochondritis dissecans of the radial head in an English bulldog
What were the landmarks for the lateral scope portal?
Scope portal in centre of triangle formed by the lateral epicondyle, radial head and olecranon tuberosity.
Egress - adjacent to anconeus in CDD and medial direction. Craniolateral instrument port - between lateral epicondyle and radial head- 1cm cranial to scope portal and caudal to LCL
Atamna VS 2021 - The effect of the interosseous ligament and selected antebrachiocarpal ligaments on rotation of the radius during extension of the carpus
What effect did the carpal extension/flexion have on the radius?
extension - internal rotation of the radius
flexion - external rotation of the radius
Aikawa VS 2019 - Clinical outcomes of 119 miniature and toy-breed dogs with 130 distal radial and ulnar fractures repaired with free-form multiplanar type II external skeletal fixation
What % of fractures healed?
What was the major complication rate?
What was the minor complication rate?
100%
3%
37%
Muroi VCOT 2021 - A Retrospective Study of Postoperative Development of Implant-Induced Osteoporosis in Radial–Ulnar Fractures in Toy Breed Dogs Treated with Plate Fixation
What effect did the use of locking vs non-locking screws have?
Bone density was improved when…?
NONE
…in dogs <6m, bone density improved after 3 months
…plate was removed
Higuchi JSAP 2021 - Clinical outcomes of orthogonal plating to treat radial and ulnar fractures in toy-breed dogs
What % had fracture healing?
96%
Re-fracture after plate removal in 1 case
Schmokel JSAP 2021 - Infection rate treating radial and ulnar fractures using bone plate fixation without antibiotic prophylaxis
What % of cases had deep infection/superficial infection?
3%
Sukumaran JAVMA 2020 - Repair of a pathological radial fracture secondary to radioulnar ischemic necrosis in a dog
How was this case managed?
Outcome?
Fibrous tissue filled fracture gap at surgery, so was resected & fracture stabilised.
Healing of fracture and resolution of RUIN lesion at 15 post-op
Camiletti JSAP 2024 - Successful centralisation technique for treatment of post- traumatic absence of the radial shaft in a dog
Briefly, what does a centralisation technique involve?
Distal aspect of radius attached to osteotomised ulna
Townsend VS 2024 - Comparison of three-dimensional printed patient-specific guides versus freehand approach for radial osteotomies in normal dogs: Ex vivo model
What was the main finding of this paper?
Mean osteotomy angle deviation was LESS for 3D guide (c.f. free hand) IN ALL OSTEOTOMIES
Senn VS 2024 - Effects of simulated radioulnar synostosis on supination and pronation in cats. A cadaveric study
What was the main finding of this paper?
How did the location of the synostosis affect this finding?
More than a 2/3 reduction in pronation/supination
Location of the synostosis did not change the angle
Maker JFMS 2024 - Feline radial and ulnar diaphyseal fractures: a retrospective study of 49 cases comparing single bone fixation and dual bone fixation
What was the main finding?
No benefit to performing double bone fixation (vet or owner outcomes)
Kulendra VCOT 2019 - Outcome of Supraglenoid Tubercle Fractures in 12 Dogs
What was the overall success rate for management of these fractures?
What muscle originates at the supraglenoid tubercle?
What was the major complication rate?
75%
Biceps brachii
12.5%
cases with comminution have a higher complication rate
Zann VS 2023 - Long-term outcome of dogs treated by surgical debridement of proximal humeral osteochondrosis
What long term effect was seen on the operated limb?
4.4% decreased load, ROM reduced, OA present in all
Aoki VS 2021 - Effects of shoulder distraction on canine shoulder arthroscopy
What effect did shoulder distraction have?
No improvement in visibility or palpability of intra-articular structures, but reduced iatrogenic cartilage lesions
von Pfeil VS 2021 - Orthopedic and ultrasonographic examination findings in 128 shoulders of 64 ultra-endurance Alaskan sled dogs
What was the most common US abnormality observed?
And how did US correlate to clinical findings?
Fluid around the biceps tendon
No association w. clinical findings
Vezzoni VCOT 2021 - A modification of the Cheli craniolateral approach for minimally invasive treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the shoulder in dogs: description of the technique and outcome in 164 cases
Briefly describe this approach and the positioning of the dog?
How does this approach differ to the Cheli approach?
See picture
Does not require humeral head luxation
Jones VCOT 2019 - Measurement of Shoulder Abduction Angles in Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study of Accuracy and Repeatability
What was the main finding of this paper?
Shoulder flexion angle can significantly affect measured abduction angles
Abbey JSAP 2021 - Prevalence of mineralisation of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle in non-lame dogs
What % of NON-LAME dogs had supraspinatus mineralisation?
4%
Hammer JSAP 2021 - Inverted V-shaped extracapsular stabilisation technique and arthroscopic findings in six dogs with medial shoulder instability
What soft tissue structures were most frequently damaged?
Implant loosening was recorded in what % and what was done to rectify it?
Full function %? Acceptable function %?
Subscapularis and medial glenohumeral ligament
33% - no revision performed
66% full function, 33% acceptable function
Kennedy VCOT 2024 - Evaluation of Canine Shoulder Arthroscopy for Anatomical and Safety Considerations
What instrument and cameral portal position could observe lesions in the lateral glenohumeral ligament?
Caudal instrument portal
Middle scope Portal
Phipps VS 2023 - Functional outcomes of dogs undergoing shoulder arthrodesis with 2 locking compression plates
What was the most common indication for shoulder arthrodesis?
What was the major and minor complication rate?
Luxation
0% major
17% minor
Danielski JAVMA 2023 - Lower body weight and increasing age are significant risk factors for complications following bi-oblique proximal ulnar osteotomy in dogs
Post-op complication rate (major and minor)?
Most common major complication?
Most common minor complication?
42% (14% major, 28% minor)
Non-union
Delayed union
Tani VS 2022 - Reconstruction of the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon with a fascia lata autograft in two dogs with carpal hyperextension
What was the post-op management?
What is the site of insertion and origin for the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Type 1 ESF for 6 weeks
Origin: MEDIAL epicondyle and medial aspect of prox ulna
Insertion: Accessory carpal bone
Chong VCOT 2022 - Retrospective Comparison of Titanium Hybrid Locking Plate with Stainless Steel Hybrid Dynamic Compression Plate for Pancarpal Arthrodesis: 23 Dogs
What was the difference in major and minor complication rates between these fixation methods?
NO DIFFERENCE
Castilla VCOT 2020 - Carpal Extension Angles in Agility Dogs Exiting the A-Frame and Hurdle Jumps
What was the effect of a carpal brace on carpal extension angles?
None
mean carpal extension 125 degrees
Pilot JFMS 2021 - Chronic paronychia in cats with patellar fracture and dentalanomaly syndrome
What % of digits affected resolved with medical therapy?
How were the rest managed?
17%
Amputation of the 3rd phalanx
Mund VCOT 2023 - Management of Feline Femoral, Tibial and Humeral Fractures Using a 3.5 mm Titanium Interlocking Nail
What system was used? And what type of ILN is it?
What was the complication rate?
What was the major complication rate and what were they?
What was associated with major complications?
Marmed (non-angle stable ILN)
16%
12%, screw breakage, nail breakage, nail bending, screw loosening and non-union
Fracture morphology - transverse fractures more prone to major complications
Von Pfeil 24 - Outcomes of 11 dogs with short radius syndrome treated with acute arthroscopically assisted ulnar shortening
What was the rate of major complications?
Short term outcome - full function %? acceptable function %?
Can be performed for ulna shortening of what amount?
0%
36% full, 64% acceptable (100% gd-excellent)
9mm
