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Foundations of Medicine > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system you are born with?

A

Innate/specifc

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2
Q

What is the immune system you develop?

A

Adaptive also known as acquired

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3
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
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4
Q

Describe active immunity

A

Infection or exposure to pathogen/immunisation and vaccine

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5
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

When a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Placental transfer of igG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy

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6
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

The administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

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7
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Placental transfer of IgG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy

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8
Q

What is normal human immunoglobulin?

A

A preparation of the proteins from the plasma contains anitbodies of normal adult levels from several different donors.

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9
Q

What is specific human immunoglobulin?

A

A preparation from the human plasma that is selected for its particularly high immunoglobulin count against a specific pathogen.

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10
Q

What can immunoglobulins be used for?

A

Post - exposure prophylaxis

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11
Q

What can human-specific immunoglobulin be used for?

A

Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus

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12
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity?

A

Immediate protection

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

Short term effect
No immunological memory

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14
Q

What is an example of natural immunisation?

A

Exposure/infection

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15
Q

What is an example of active immunisation?

A

Vaccine

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16
Q

What immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary response to infection?

A

IgM then IgG

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17
Q

Define contraindications

A

Procedure harmful to the person

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18
Q

What are the contraindications of vaccination?

A

Febrile illness

Pregnancy - cannot be given live attenuated viruses

Allergy

Immunocompromised

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19
Q

What are the types of vaccines available for active immunity?

A

Live attenuated vaccine
Whole killed vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Conjugate vaccine

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20
Q

Describe live attenuated vaccines and give an example

A

Contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.

Give long and strong-lasting immunity

MMR, shingles, chickenpox

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21
Q

Why are live attenuated vaccines not recommended for people with a compromised immune system?

A

Weakened version of disease has the ability to multiply and become active versions of the disease

22
Q

How is attenuation of a live virus achieved?

A

Repeat passage in cell culture or a non-human host.

23
Q

Why do attenuated viruses offer lifelong immunity?

A

They elicit a strong cellular and antibody response

24
Q

Which microorganism allows easy/difficult formation of an attenuated vaccine?

A

Easy for viruses
Difficult for bacteria

25
Q

How are inactivated vaccines created?

A

Killing the disease causing microbe with chemicals (formaldehyde), heat or radiation

26
Q

What is the advantage eof inactivated vaccines?

A

More stable and safer than live vaccines

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

Not as effective

28
Q

Describe killed whole organism vaccines

A

Target organism is heat killed
Booster shots are likely required

29
Q

Describe attenuated whole organisms

A

An avirulent strain of target organism is isolated
Can reverse back into virulent form and hence not given to immunocompromised or at risk
Needed to be refrigerated

30
Q

What are the 2 types of subunit vaccines?

A

Recombinant vaccines
Toxoid (modified toxin)

31
Q

Describe recombinant vaccines

A

Very safe
Easy to standardise
Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

32
Q

Describe toxoid vaccines

A

Use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease.

Create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself.

Immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.

33
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

34
Q

What is the aim of herd immunity?

A

To protect individuals who cannot receive the vaccine

35
Q

What vaccinations do babies get at week 8?

A

6-in-1 vaccine
Rotavirus
MenB

36
Q

What conditions are children protected by when they have the 6 in 1 vaccine?

A

Diphtheria
Hepatitis B
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
Polio
Tetanus
Whooping cough (pertussis)

37
Q

What does the MenB vaccine protect babies from?

A

The MenB vaccine will protect your baby against infection by meningococcal group B bacteria.

38
Q

What does the rotavirus vaccine protect babies from?

A

Rotavirus infection

39
Q

What vaccines do babies get at week 12?

A

6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose)
Rotavirus (2nd dose)
PCV vaccine

40
Q

What does the PCV vaccine protect against?

A

The pneumococcal vaccine protects against serious and potentially fatal pneumococcal infections.

It’s also known as the pneumonia vaccine.

41
Q

What vaccines do babies get at week 16?

A

6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose)
Rotavirus (3rd dose)

42
Q

What vaccines do babies get when they turn one?

A

Hib/MenC (1st dose)
MMR (1st dose)
Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (2nd dose)
MenB (3rd dose)

43
Q

What does the Hib/MenC vaccine protect against?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis C.

44
Q

What vaccine do children get at 3 years and 4 months?

A

MMR (2nd dose)
4-in-1 pre-school booster

45
Q

What does the 4-in-1 preschool vaccine protect against?

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Whooping cough
Polio

46
Q

What vaccine do children get from aged 2 to 10?

A

Flu vaccine

47
Q

What vaccine do children ages 12 an 13 get?

A

HPV vaccine

48
Q

What does the HPV vaccine protect against?

A

The HPV vaccine helps protect against cancers caused by HPV, including:

cervical cancer
some mouth and throat (head and neck) cancers
some cancers of the anal and genital areas

It also helps protect against genital warts.

49
Q

What vaccines do 14 year olds get?

A

3-in-1 teenage booster
MenACWY

50
Q

What does the 3-in-1 teenage booster protect against?

A

Tetanus, diphtheria and polio.

51
Q

What does the MenACWY vaccine protect against?

A

The meningitis ACWY (MenACWY) vaccine helps protect against meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning) caused by 4 groups of meningococcal bacteria: A, C, W and Y.

52
Q

What 14 vaccines could be offered to people who travel?

A

Cholera
Diphtheria
Hep A
Hep B
Japanese encephalitis
Meningococcal meningitis
MMR
Polio
Rabies
Tetanus
Tick-bone encephalitis
Tuberculosis (TB)
Typhoid
Yellow fever

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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