Principles of Immunisation Flashcards
What is the immune system you are born with?
Innate/specifc
What is the immune system you develop?
Adaptive also known as acquired
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
- Active
- Passive
Describe active immunity
Infection or exposure to pathogen/immunisation and vaccine
Describe passive immunity
When a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
Placental transfer of igG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy
What is a vaccination?
The administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen
What is natural passive immunity?
Placental transfer of IgG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy
What is normal human immunoglobulin?
A preparation of the proteins from the plasma contains anitbodies of normal adult levels from several different donors.
What is specific human immunoglobulin?
A preparation from the human plasma that is selected for its particularly high immunoglobulin count against a specific pathogen.
What can immunoglobulins be used for?
Post - exposure prophylaxis
What can human-specific immunoglobulin be used for?
Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus
What are the advantages of passive immunity?
Immediate protection
What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?
Short term effect
No immunological memory
What is an example of natural immunisation?
Exposure/infection
What is an example of active immunisation?
Vaccine
What immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary response to infection?
IgM then IgG
Define contraindications
Procedure harmful to the person
What are the contraindications of vaccination?
Febrile illness
Pregnancy - cannot be given live attenuated viruses
Allergy
Immunocompromised
What are the types of vaccines available for active immunity?
Live attenuated vaccine
Whole killed vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Conjugate vaccine
Describe live attenuated vaccines and give an example
Contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.
Give long and strong-lasting immunity
MMR, shingles, chickenpox
Why are live attenuated vaccines not recommended for people with a compromised immune system?
Weakened version of disease has the ability to multiply and become active versions of the disease
How is attenuation of a live virus achieved?
Repeat passage in cell culture or a non-human host.
Why do attenuated viruses offer lifelong immunity?
They elicit a strong cellular and antibody response
Which microorganism allows easy/difficult formation of an attenuated vaccine?
Easy for viruses
Difficult for bacteria
How are inactivated vaccines created?
Killing the disease causing microbe with chemicals (formaldehyde), heat or radiation
What is the advantage eof inactivated vaccines?
More stable and safer than live vaccines
What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?
Not as effective
Describe killed whole organism vaccines
Target organism is heat killed
Booster shots are likely required
Describe attenuated whole organisms
An avirulent strain of target organism is isolated
Can reverse back into virulent form and hence not given to immunocompromised or at risk
Needed to be refrigerated
What are the 2 types of subunit vaccines?
Recombinant vaccines
Toxoid (modified toxin)
Describe recombinant vaccines
Very safe
Easy to standardise
Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant
Describe toxoid vaccines
Use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease.
Create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself.
Immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.
What is herd immunity?
When a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.
What is the aim of herd immunity?
To protect individuals who cannot receive the vaccine
What vaccinations do babies get at week 8?
6-in-1 vaccine
Rotavirus
MenB
What conditions are children protected by when they have the 6 in 1 vaccine?
Diphtheria
Hepatitis B
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b)
Polio
Tetanus
Whooping cough (pertussis)
What does the MenB vaccine protect babies from?
The MenB vaccine will protect your baby against infection by meningococcal group B bacteria.
What does the rotavirus vaccine protect babies from?
Rotavirus infection
What vaccines do babies get at week 12?
6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose)
Rotavirus (2nd dose)
PCV vaccine
What does the PCV vaccine protect against?
The pneumococcal vaccine protects against serious and potentially fatal pneumococcal infections.
It’s also known as the pneumonia vaccine.
What vaccines do babies get at week 16?
6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose)
Rotavirus (3rd dose)
What vaccines do babies get when they turn one?
Hib/MenC (1st dose)
MMR (1st dose)
Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (2nd dose)
MenB (3rd dose)
What does the Hib/MenC vaccine protect against?
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis C.
What vaccine do children get at 3 years and 4 months?
MMR (2nd dose)
4-in-1 pre-school booster
What does the 4-in-1 preschool vaccine protect against?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Whooping cough
Polio
What vaccine do children get from aged 2 to 10?
Flu vaccine
What vaccine do children ages 12 an 13 get?
HPV vaccine
What does the HPV vaccine protect against?
The HPV vaccine helps protect against cancers caused by HPV, including:
cervical cancer
some mouth and throat (head and neck) cancers
some cancers of the anal and genital areas
It also helps protect against genital warts.
What vaccines do 14 year olds get?
3-in-1 teenage booster
MenACWY
What does the 3-in-1 teenage booster protect against?
Tetanus, diphtheria and polio.
What does the MenACWY vaccine protect against?
The meningitis ACWY (MenACWY) vaccine helps protect against meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning) caused by 4 groups of meningococcal bacteria: A, C, W and Y.
What 14 vaccines could be offered to people who travel?
Cholera
Diphtheria
Hep A
Hep B
Japanese encephalitis
Meningococcal meningitis
MMR
Polio
Rabies
Tetanus
Tick-bone encephalitis
Tuberculosis (TB)
Typhoid
Yellow fever
