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Foundations of Medicine > Introduction to Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the categories of micro-organisms that can cause infection

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Prions
Viruses

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2
Q

What are the types of specimen samples collected for culture?

A

Blood culture
Cerebrospinal fluid
Faeces
Midstream urine
Throat swap
Pus

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3
Q

What is the specimen collection for a urinary tract infection?

A

Midstream urine

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4
Q

What is the specimen collection for a chest infection?

A

Sputum

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5
Q

What is the specimen collection for tonsillitis/pharyngitis

A

Throat swab

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6
Q

What is the specimen collection for the site of infection or a wound?

A

Swab or pus

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7
Q

What is the specimen collection for diarrhoea?

A

Faeces

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8
Q

What is the specimen collection for bacteraemia?

A

Blood culture

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9
Q

What is the specimen collection for bacteraemia?

A

Blood culture

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10
Q

What is the specimen collection for meningitis?

A

CBS

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11
Q

How is microscopy used in medical microbiology?

A

Microscopy is the most common method used both for the detection of microorganisms directly in clinical specimens and for the characterization of organisms grown in culture

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12
Q

What does unstained microscopy allow you to see?

A

Pus cells (urine, CSF)
Parasites (faeces)

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13
Q

What does a gram stain allow you to see in microscopy?

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Yeast

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14
Q

What does a ZN stain or an auramine stain allow you to see?

A

Mycobacteria

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15
Q

What is mycobacteria?

A

A bacterium of a group which includes the causative agents of leprosy and tuberculosis

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16
Q

What infecting agent is not visible in light microscope?

A

Virus

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17
Q

What is the difference in the function between gram stain microscopy and culture?

A

Microscopy is rapid, insensitive, can’t identify a particular species

Culture is slower, more sensitive and the conditions are suitable for the expected species

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18
Q

How can a species identified?

A

Observable characters - Morphological, physiological, biochemical

DNA tests

Typing - determines the strain within the species

19
Q

What are sterile sites of the body?

A

Areas typically where microorganisms are not found and are often places deeper in the body and more protected from outside infection.

20
Q

What are examples of sterile sites in the body?

A

Blood
CSF
Pleural fluid
Pericardial fluid
Bone and bone marrow
Joint fluid
Bladder

21
Q

What are non-sterile sites in the body?

A

Non-sterile sites are areas where microbes are often found and are usually more accessible from the environment.

22
Q

What are examples of non-sterile sites of the body?

A

Skin
Nose and airways
Stomach and intestines
Mouth and teeth
Genitals

23
Q

Name methods of detecting viruses

A

Electron microscopy
Cell or tissue culture
Antigen detection
Detection of cytopathic effect
Molecular methods including real time PCR
Serology to determine immunity

24
Q

What is serology?

A

The investigation of blood serum with regard to the response to an introduced pathogen or introduced substance.

25
Q

What are cytopathic effects?

A

Structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion

26
Q

What is a parasite?

A

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Parasites can cause disease in humans.

27
Q

What are the three different types of parasites and give an example of each?

A

Arthropods - Lice
Helminths - Worms
Protozoa - Malaria

28
Q

How can parasites be diagnosed?

A

Microscopy of different stages - parasites, cysts and ova

Blood films for malaria

Culture rarely possible

Sometimes serology is useful

29
Q

What are examples of healthcare acquired infection?

A

MRSA
Clostridium difficile
Noroviruses
ESBL’s - Organisms with extended spectrum beta lactamases

30
Q

What are basic infection control measures?

A

Hand hygiene.
Use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, masks, eyewear).
Respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette.
Sharps safety (engineering and work practice controls).
Safe injection practices (i.e., aseptic technique for parenteral medications).
Sterile instruments and devices.

31
Q

What is a microbe?

A

A living thing that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. Must use a microscope to see it.

32
Q

What are the different microbes?

A

Viruses - smallest
Bacteria
Fungi - largest

33
Q

Are all microbes bad?

A

No - gut bacteria include good microbes, aid in digestion and help us absord all nutirents from our food

34
Q

What is an infection?

A

When microbes grow in the wrong place

35
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microbe that causes an infection

36
Q

What is an example of a prokaryote organism?

A

Bacteria

37
Q

What is an example of eukaryote organism?

A

Fungi

38
Q

What is one big difference between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells are much bigger

39
Q

Are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells unicellular or multicellular?

A

Prokaryotic - unicellular
Eukaryotic - uni or multicellular

40
Q

Where can viruses replicate?

A

Only in the living cell of an organism

41
Q

What can be found in the centre of a virus?

A

Genetic material - concise but enough of it for the virus to carry out its function - to replicate inside living host

42
Q

What is the role of the caspid?

A

A protein shell, surrounds the genetic material - providing protection to living material

43
Q

What is the role of the viral envelope?

A

Protecting the RNA or DNA molecule(s), evading recognition by the immune system, and facilitating virus entry.

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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