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Foundations of Medicine > Introduction to Parasites > Flashcards

Introduction to Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define parasite

A

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

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2
Q

What are the three main clases of parasites?

A

Arthropods
Helminths
Protozoa

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3
Q

Discuss the lifecycle of Arthropods

A

Four distinct stages in the life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

Adults lay eggs from which larvae hatch.

The larval forms grow and shed their skins (moult) several times, each time to accommodate their increases in size.

Eventually a hard-cased structure called a pupa is formed, which may have the capacity to survive winter.

The pupa hatches into the adult parasite, the final stage of metamorphosis.

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4
Q

Name the important characteristics of an arthropod

A

They possess an exoskeleton.

They have jointed appendages.

Their body is segmented.

They are bilaterally symmetrical.

They possess an open circulatory system.

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5
Q

Describe helminths

A

The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies.

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6
Q

What are examples of helminths?

A

Parasitic worms - many intestinal

Ringworm
Hookworm
Whipworm

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7
Q

What are the different types of helminths?

A

Nematodes - Round worm
Cestodes - Tapeworms
Trematodes - Flatworms

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8
Q

What is the life cycle of helminths?

A

Eggs
Larvae
Adults

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9
Q

What is the diagnosis of nematodes?

A

Press adhesive sellotape against perianal region

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10
Q

What is the lifecycle of Ascaris lumbricoides - nematode?

A

Ingested eggs hatch in the intestine, larvae carried by circulation to the lungs, swallowed again, adult worms develop in and inhabit small intestine

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11
Q

What are the various methods of ingesting a tapeworm?

A

Larval cysts ingested in meat, ingest eggs in dog faeces

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12
Q

Where is there a high incidence of Schistosomiasis?

A

A disease caused by parasitic worms.

Near fresh water, snail is important in the life cycle intermediate host

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13
Q

What accompanies a helminth infection?

A

Eosinophilia
Elevated IgE

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14
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

Protozoa are single celled organisms.

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15
Q

What is the mode of protozoa transmission?

A

Intestinal parasites - fecal - oral route

Blood parasites - arthropod vector

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16
Q

What is the mode of protozoa transmission?

A

Intestinal parasites - fecal - oral route

Blood parasites - arthropod vector

17
Q

What is the species responsible for malaria (a type of protozoa)?

A

Plasmodium falciparum

18
Q

What is the vector for malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquito

19
Q

What is the life cycle of malaria?

A

Sporozoites are injected under the skin by the mosquito, they travel through blood and enter the liver, they mature in the liver and re-enter the circulation as merozoites.

Merozoites invade red cells, multiply and lyse cells

20
Q

What is the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery?

A

Cysts in formed stool - microscopy

Diarrhoea with blood and pus

21
Q

What type of disease is Amoebic Dysentery responsible for?

A

Intestinal and extra-intestinal infections

Liver abscess in late disease

22
Q

What infection is caused by the bite of sandflies?

A

Leishmaniasis

23
Q

What is cutaneous or muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis characterised by?

A

Skin or mucosal ulceration

24
Q

What is Viceral leishmaniasis caused by?

A

Fever weight loss and hepato-splenomegaly

25
Q

How is diagnosis of leishmaniasis achieved?

A

Histology of biopsy material

26
Q

What are common diseases of enteric (intestinal) parasites?

A

The most common intestinal protozoan parasites are:

Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanenensis, Cryptosporidium spp.

27
Q

What are common blood borne parasitic diseases?

A

Haemoproteus spp., Leucocytozoon spp., Trypanosoma spp.
Plasmodium spp. (malaria) Microfilaria.

28
Q

How is diagnosis of a parasite infection achieved?

A

Microscopy of parasites cysts and ova

Serology - detection of antibodies

Blood films for malaria

29
Q

Are cultures of parasites possible?

A

They are rarely possible

30
Q

What kind of parasite is Schistosomiasis?

A

Flatworm (trematode)

31
Q

What kind of parasite is ascarius lumbrioides?

A

Round worm (nematode)

32
Q

What kind of parasite infection is leishmaniasis and amoebic dysentry?

A

Protozoal

33
Q

How are intestinal parasites diagnosed?

A

Microscopic examination of the feces.

34
Q

How are blood borne parasites diagnosed?

A

By looking at a blood smear under a microscope

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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