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Foundations of Medicine > Classifications of Pathogenic Bacteria: Gram Negative > Flashcards

Classifications of Pathogenic Bacteria: Gram Negative Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean for a bacteria to be gram negative?

A

The cell wall of the bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan

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2
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria appear under the microscope?

A

Pink/red

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3
Q

Why are gram negative bacteria pink under the microscope?

A

They have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan therefore they’re unable to
retain the crystal violet stain

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3
Q

What % of terrible 12 bacterias are gram negative?

A

75

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4
Q

How are gram negative bacteria divided up?

A

Aerobic
Aerobic (strict)
Microaerophilic
Anaerobic (strict)

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5
Q

What is the shape of aerobic strict bacteria?

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

What are the examples of aerobic strict bacteria?

A

Legionella sp
Pseduomonas aeruginosa

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7
Q

What are the shapes aerobic bacteria can take?

A

Cocci
Bacilli (small and large)

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8
Q

What are examples of aerobic cocci bacteria?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea (gonorrhoea)

Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis)

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9
Q

What are examples of aerobic small bacilli bacteria?

A

Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough)

Haemophilus influenzae (exacerbation of COPD)

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10
Q

What are examples of aerobic large baciili bacteria?

A

Gut commensals
Gut pathogens

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11
Q

What are examples of gut commensals?

A

E. coli

Klesbsiella sp.

Proteus sp.

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12
Q

What gut commensals cause urinary tract infections?

A

E. coli

Klesbsiella sp.

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13
Q

What gut commensals cause wound infections?

A

Klesbsiella sp.

Proteus sp.

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14
Q

What are examples of gut pathogens?

A

Salmonella sp

Shigella sp

E. coli 0157

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15
Q

What shape do microaerophilic bacteria take?

A

Bacilli (small curved and spiral)

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16
Q

What is an example of small curved microaerophilic bacteria?

A

Campylobacter sp

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17
Q

What is an example of spiral microaerophilic bacteria?

A

Helicobacter sp. (gastritis)

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18
Q

What are the two shapes anaerobic strict bacteria can take?

A

Cocci (not relevant)
Bacilli

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19
Q

What is an example of bacilli anaerobic strict bacteria?

A

Bacteroides sp. (gut commensals)

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20
Q

What are the two major gram negative cocci groups?

A

Neisseria spp
Moraxella catarrhalis

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21
Q

What bacteria causes meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)

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22
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the meninges and septicaemia

Life threatening

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23
Q

What is type of culture is important in meningitis?

A

Sample of cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

What molecular test is available for N. menigitidis?

A

PCR on EDTA blood

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25
Q

What does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

A

Gonorrhoea

Urethritis in men
Pelvic inflammatory disease in women

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26
Q

What example of gram negative coccus causes respiratory tract infections?

A

Moraxella catarrhalis - especially in those with underlying lung disease

27
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Organisms which are in the enterobacteriaceae family

28
Q

Where do gram negative bacilli usually colonise?

A

The gut

29
Q

What is lactose fermentation useful in?

A

Preliminary testing in classifying gram negative bacilli

30
Q

What is an example of a lactose fermenting coliform?

A

E. coli

31
Q

What can E. coli infect?

A

Humans and animals

32
Q

What are the several virulence mechanisms of E. coli?

A

Pili -
Capsule - use to hide away from the host immune system
Endotoxin - lots of damage to host
Exotoxin - lots of damage to host

33
Q

What does E. coli ferment?

A

Lactose

34
Q

What is E. coli an important cause of?

A

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Septicemia
Meningitis
Hospital acquired pneumonia

35
Q

How many serotypes are there of E. coli and what are they based on?

A

Over 160 based on O antigens (LPS)

36
Q

What toxins can E. coli produce?

A

Enterotoxogenic E.coli
Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli

37
Q

What is the most common cause of traveler’s diarrhoea?

A

Enterotoxogenic E. coli

38
Q

What does Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli give rise to?

A

Bloody dirrhoea

Haemolytic uraemic
syndrome (HUS) associated with E. coli 0157 - in childre, decontaminated water

39
Q

What are the features of salmonella spp. ?

A

Does not ferment lactose

> 1500 serotypes

Whole genome sequencing

Self limiting with or without bloody diarrhoea (!2-48hrs)

Invasive - enters blood stream

40
Q

What is the second most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in the UK?

A

Salmonella spp.

41
Q

What does shigella spp cause?

A

Diarrhoea - travl related in UK

42
Q

What does klebsiella spp cause?

A

UTI
Hospital acquired pnuemonia

43
Q

What does proteus spp cause?

A

UTI

44
Q

What is an example of curved gram negative bacilli?

A

Campybacter spp

45
Q

What level of o2 does campybacter spp like?

A

Low levels
microaerophilic

46
Q

What is the source of Campybacter spp?

A

Animals and chickens

Spread via faecal-oral route

47
Q

What is Campybacter spp the cause of?

A

Most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in the UK

48
Q

What is the incubation period for Campybacter spp?

A

2-5 days

Self-limiting

49
Q

What type of bacteria has curved rods?

A

Helicobacter pylori

50
Q

What is the natural habitat of helicobacter pylori?

A

Human stomach

51
Q

What does helicobacter pylori do?

A

Damages mucosa, causes ulcers and strong risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma

52
Q

What is a prime example of cocco-bacilli bacteria?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

53
Q

What can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Respiratory tract infections second to S. pneumoniae

54
Q

What type of Haemophilus influenzae causes meningitis?

A

B type

55
Q

What does psuedomonas spp colonise?

A

Water and soil - drains, sinks, mops, medical equpiment

56
Q

What can psuedomonas spp cause?

A

Hospital acquired cause of sepsis eg UTI, bacteraemia, pneumonia (rare)

57
Q

What is psuedomonas spp feared in?

A

Cystic fiborsis

58
Q

What is psuedomonas spp resistant to?

A

Multiple drugs, making it hard to treat

59
Q

What type of infection do anaerobes play a role in?

A

Polymicrobial infection - very important un human GI tract and oral cavity

60
Q

What anaerobes are found in the gut?

A

Bacteriodes - can enter blood stream too

61
Q

What anaerobes are found in the mouth?

A

Prevotella and Porphyromonas

62
Q

What is bacteroides fragilis?

A

Fragile organism, part of normal colonic flora

63
Q

What can bacteroides fragilis cause?

A

Intra-abdominal abscess, may spread to other sites eg blood stream

64
Q

List the oral anaeobes

A

Prevotella
Porphyromonas eg gingivalis
Pasterurella spp
Capnocytophoyga spp

65
Q

What are oral anaeobes important in?

A

Aeitology of periodontal disease
Aspiration pneumonia
Human and animal infection bites

66
Q

What are the most common gram negative bacteria?

A

E. coli
Salmonella spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Psueodomonas spp.
Helicobacter pylori
Haemphilus influenzaae
Bacteriodes and other anaerobes

Foundations of Medicine (56 decks)

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