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DEN2025 - Dental Public Health and Behavioural Science > Principles of Epidemiology > Flashcards

Principles of Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Orderly study of diseases and conditions where the group and not the individual is of interest

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2
Q

Name 2 ways which the information on epidemiology is used

A
  1. Understand changes over time

2. Plan health services

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3
Q

What are 4 reasons to measuring disease at individual level in terms of providing information?

A
  1. To aid diagnosis
  2. To aid treatment
  3. Measure individual treatment need
  4. Measure individual treatment outcomes
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4
Q

What are 3 reasons to measuring disease at population level in terms of providing information?

A
  1. Record prevalence of diseases and conditions
  2. Provide indication of population treatment need
  3. Evaluate effectiveness of health programmes
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5
Q

What is a count data?

A

Number of people in an area affected at one point in time

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6
Q

Describe 3 reasons a denominator is important in measuring disease in population

A
  1. The number at risk is unknown without a denominator
  2. Changes over time cannot be identified without a denominator
  3. Areas cannot be compared without a denominator
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7
Q

How is epidemiological data usually reported?

A

Rates or proportions

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8
Q

How is a study population usually defined?

A

By sharing a common characteristics e.g. age or sex

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9
Q

What are the 3 key features of a study sample?

A
  1. Representative of population
  2. Sufficient size
  3. Sufficient distribution
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10
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

Proportion of people with a disease at any given point

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11
Q

What is period prevalence?

A

Proportion of people with a disease over a period of time

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12
Q

What does prevalence show?

A

The amount of people affected out of the total amount who could be

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13
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specified time period divided by population at risk

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14
Q

What is severity?

A

How severe a condition is

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15
Q

What is standardized data?

A

A technique used to account for the effect of confounding factors in populations

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16
Q

What does SMR stand for?

A

Standardized mortality ratio

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17
Q

How is SMR measured?

A

Observed number of deaths per year / Expected number of deaths per year

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18
Q

Describe 3 features of study design

A
  1. Objective
  2. Protocol
  3. Ethical and other approvals
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19
Q

What are 2 types of descriptive epidemiology study designs?

A
  1. Cross-sectional (one point in time)

2. Longitudinal (following same people over time)

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20
Q

What are 2 types of analytical epidemiology study designs?

A
  1. Observational (not trying to change course of disease)

2. Experimental (interventional)

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21
Q

What does a quantitative method of epidemiology study rely on?

A

An underlying measurable truth that is generalizable

22
Q

Name 5 types of qualitative methods of epidemiology study

A
  1. Recognise and seek individual perspectives
  2. Exploratory
  3. Interviews
  4. Focus groups
  5. Observations of people
23
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

Describes patterns of disease, risk factors and determinants of health in a population or sub-group

24
Q

Name 2 types of data which are available before commencing a new study

A
  1. Routinely collected data

2. Cross-sectional studies

25
Q

What is the function of observational studies?

A

Evaluate prevalence of diseases and examine associations between risk factors and disease occurrence

26
Q

What are case control studies?

A

Retrospective recording, matching people who have condition or risk factor with controls who do not, and comparing the outcome

27
Q

What is interventional study?

A

Intervening to evaluate benefit e.g. new drugs

28
Q

Describe the evidence hierarchy of epidemiological study designs, in order of increasing weight of evidence

A
  1. Case reports (descriptive)
  2. Ecological studies (descriptive)
  3. Cross-sectional studies (analytical)
  4. Case-control studies (analytical)
  5. Retrospective / Prospective cohort studies (analytical)
  6. Randomized clinical studies (analytical)
29
Q

Name 9 properties of an ideal dental index

A
  1. Simple
  2. Objective
  3. Clear-cut categories
  4. Valid
  5. Reliable
  6. Reproducible
  7. Quantifiable
  8. Sensitive
  9. Acceptable
30
Q

Describe “simple” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Simple to understand, learn and administer

31
Q

Describe “objective” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Reduce examiners subjective opinion and avoid different examiners recording different levels

32
Q

Describe “clear-cut categories” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Ideally relate to distinct stages of clinical condition

33
Q

Describe “valid” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Must measure what the study is intended to measure e.g. discriminate between white spots for caries and developmental hypoplasia

34
Q

Describe “reliable” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Each time the index is used it should record the same outcome

35
Q

Describe “reproducable” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Should record the same outcome when, either, two different examiners measure the same condition or the same examiner measures the condition on two different occassions

36
Q

Describe “quantifiable” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Allows output for statistical purposes

37
Q

Describe “sensitive” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

Detect and record small changes in disease level

38
Q

Describe “acceptable” as an ideal property of a dental index

A

To subject and examiner e.g. not painful

39
Q

What is DMFT?

A

A common dental index which stands for “Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth”

40
Q

Describe 4 features of the DMFT

A
  1. Measurement of caries experience
  2. A count (each condition has equal weight)
  3. Missing component is extraction due to caries only
  4. Simple index, reliable and relatively easy to use
41
Q

Describe 3 draw backs of DMFT

A
  1. Does not discriminate between current and past disease
  2. Does not provide measure of teeth present
  3. Limited ability to assess treatment need
42
Q

What 5 clinical features do periodontal indices measure?

A
  1. Plaque
  2. Calculus
  3. Gingival inflammation
  4. Pocketing
  5. Attachment loss
43
Q

Name a common periodontal index

A

CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need)

44
Q

Name 3 levels of periodontal disease

A
  1. Periodontally healthy
  2. Periodontally healthy but with calculus or bleeding
  3. Some periodontal disease present
45
Q

What is the critical value in whether periodontal disease is present in terms of pocketing?

A

4mm

46
Q

Name a common orthodontal index

A

IOTN (Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need)

47
Q

Name 2 parts of the IOTN

A
  1. DHC (Dental Health Component)

2. AC (Aesthetic Component)

48
Q

In the modified version of the IOTN, what are the 5 aspects of the AC?

A

MOCDO (missing teeth, overjet, crossbite, displacements and overbite)

49
Q

What does the DDE index stand for?

A

Developmental Defects of Enamel

50
Q

What does DDE measure?

A

Classifies defects that develop pre-eruption and represent disturbances in mineralisation

51
Q

Name 3 reasons why disturbances in mineralisation can occur

A
  1. Excess fluoride ingestion
  2. Traumatic injury
  3. Hypoplasia
52
Q

Name an index used to measure fluorosis

A

Dean’s Index

DEN2025 - Dental Public Health and Behavioural Science (25 decks)

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