Health and Illness and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life

Question 1

What is the WHO’s definition of health?

Answer 1

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

What is functional ability?

Answer 2

A combination of intrinsic ability and environmental factors

Question 3

Give an example of 2 intrinsic abilities which influence functional ability

Answer 3

1. Physical abilities

2. Mental abilities

Question 4

Give 3 examples of environmental factors which influence functional ability

Answer 4

1. Transport
2. Housing
3. Relationships

Question 5

What is healthy ageing?

Answer 5

Process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables well-being in older age

Question 6

What type of patient may struggle to achieve “complete” physical, mental and social well-being?

Answer 6

Patients living with chronic disease

Question 7

What is oral health?

Answer 7

A standard of health of the oral and related tissues without active disease

Question 8

Describe what oral health state should enable an individual to do

Answer 8

Allow an individual to eat, speak and socialize without discomfort or embarrassment and contribute to general wellbeing

Question 9

What is disease, according to Daly et al, 2013?

Answer 9

Named pathology diagnosed by objective tests and clinical signs

Question 10

What is illness, according to Daly et al, 2013?

Answer 10

Subjective response to being unwell

Question 11

What is ill health, according to Daly et al, 2013?

Answer 11

Illness and disease are not the same: can have disease without symptoms; where disease and symptoms coincide have ill health

Question 12

What is sickness, according to Daly et al, 2013?

Answer 12

Societal perspective

Question 13

Give an example of sickness

Answer 13

Eligibility for sick pay

Question 14

Describe the biomedical model of health

Answer 14

• Absence of disease
• Services focused on treating sick and disabled
• Specialist care is highly valued
• Health workers treat and sanction the sick role
• Pathogenic focus emphasized need to find a cure

Question 15

Describe the social model of health

Answer 15

• Health is a product of social, biological and environmental factors
• Services emphasize all stages of treatment and prevention
• More emphasis on self-help and community activity
• Health workers enable people to take control over their own health
• Salutogenic focus emphasizes need to understand why people are well

Question 16

Describe the outcome of the Global Burden of Disease study

Answer 16

Life expectancy in the most deprived region of England was shorter than least deprived region (8.2 years for men and 6.9 years for women)

Question 17

What are normative needs?

Answer 17

Defined by health professionals, based on assessment against a set of criteria

Question 18

What are felt needs?

Answer 18

Those needs that people perceive as being important (subjective feelings of what they want)

Question 19

What are expressed needs?

Answer 19

Arise from felt needs and are expressed in words or action and therefore become demands

Question 20

What are comparative needs?

Answer 20

When an individual or group is compared with a similar individual or group and is considered lacking services and resources

Question 21

What is impairment?

Answer 21

Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function

Question 22

What is disability?

Answer 22

Restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner, or within a range, considered normal for a human-being

Question 23

What is a handicap?

Answer 23

A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for that individual

Question 24

Describe the linear model of disease, according to Locker D (2008)

Answer 24

• Disease leads to impairment
• Impairment leads to disability or handicap
• Disability leads to handicap

Question 25

What are 3 criticisms of the linear model of disease, according to Locker D (2008)?

Answer 25

1. Assumes a person with impairment gets worse
2. Uncritical view of what is normal
3. Takes a biological approach and ignored environmental factors

Question 26

How do clinicians measure disease?

Answer 26

A normative approach, using standardised measured e.g. DMFT, CPITN

Question 27

What is the major things to consider when using normative approaches to measure disease?

Answer 27

They do not measure the impact of disease on patients’ general health, lifestyle and daily living

Question 28

How is the impact of disease on patients’ general health, lifestyle and daily living most commonly measured?

Answer 28

Socio-dental indicator called Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)

Question 29

What are the 7 dimensions of an OHIP?

Answer 29

1. Functional limitation
2. Physical pain
3. Psychological discomfort
4. Physical disability
5. Psychological disability
6. Social disability
7. Handicap