Demographic Oral Health Trends Flashcards
What is demography?
Statistical study of human population
Give 4 examples of measurements and statistics which describe populations
- Age structure
- Ethnic contribution
- Educational levels
- Disease experience
What is the role of the Office of National Statistics?
Responsible for collecting and publishing statistics related to the UK economy, population and society at national, regional and local levels
How often do ONS conduct censuses in Wales and England?
10 years
Who conducts censuses in Scotland?
GROS (General Register for Scotland)
Who conducts censuses in Northern Ireland?
NISRA (Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency)
Describe the collaboration work between ONS, Community Dental Service and several dental schools
- Decennial national surveys of population dental health
- ONS lead on sampling and analysis
- Dental schools on clinical methods
- From 1999, responsibility for health devolved to Scotland, who made different arrangements
What is protocol?
Document describing the details of all processes
Describe the need for sampling
Sampling is used as whole populations cannot be examined however, it can affect precision of estimate
What is negative consent in child surveys?
Parent informed of survey and can write in to withdraw child
What is positive consent in child surveys?
Parent needs to sign consent form
Describe the dental assessments in the conduction of local child surveys of oral health
- Dentists were trained and calibrated in dental indices
- IOTN and DDE for 12 and 14 years olds
- Caries for all children
How are PHE local child surveys of oral health organised?
Children have clinical exams in school with usually no questionnaires
What is the organisation which carries out local surveys of oral health in Scotland?
National Dental Inspection Programme in schools
What are 2 features of the clinical assessments in local child surveys?
- Examiners must be trained and calibrated
2. Valid and reproducable
Why did caries incidents in 5 year olds reduce significantly from 1973 to 1983?
Over 95% of toothpaste became fluoridated by the end of the 1970s
What was a side effect of the fluoridation of toothpaste in the 1970s?
Childhood caries experience shifted from one across all social groups to one which directly reflected the social deprivation of the community
What is the % difference between 15 year olds experiencing caries in 1973 to 2013?
- 1973 had 97% with obvious decay
- 2013 had 42% with obvious decay
What are 3 protective factors in protection against caries?
- Saliva
- Fluoride
- Antimicrobials
What are 3 pathological factors in the causation of caries?
- Acid producing bacteria
- Frequent intake of fermentable carbohydrates
- Low saliva flow / function
Describe the relationship between deprivation and percentage of 5 year olds with dental caries
The more deprived the area, the higher the number of 5 year olds suffering from dental caries
Describe the trend from 1968 to 2009 in the percentage of adults edentate
The percentage of adults edentate reduced from 37% to 6% from 1968 to 2009
How is the epidemiology of periodontal disease affected by age?
As age increases the risk of periodontal disease increases
Describe 5 risk factors for periodontal attachment loss
- Age
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- P. gingivalis
- Education
Describe 6 risks factors for oral cancer
- Smoking tobacco
- Smokeless tobacco
- Alcohol
- HPV
- Socio-economic status
- Diet
Describe the trends in the epidemiology of dental traumatic injuries in children (12 and 15 year olds) from 1983 to 2003
- Boys have higher instances of traumatic injury than girls
- The total amount of cases has reduced from 1983 to 2003
Summarise the UK National Trend in oral health for adults
Dramatic reduction in having all teeth extracted
Summarise the UK National Trend in oral health for middle age and older adults
- Retained teeth
- Many heavily restored
- Maintenance problems in old age
Summarise the UK National Trend in oral health for young people
Major improvement since the introduction of fluoride toothpastes in 1970s
Summarise the UK National Trend in oral health for children from disadvantages communities
Caries became a public health problem from 1970s
What is NHANES?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (USA)
What is the function of WHO in international oral health?
Provides advice and guidance to countries without comprehensive surveys
Describe European / African / Middle East levels of caries
- Eastern Europe shows historically higher levels of caries
- Middle East has high levels of caries
- Africa tends to show low levels of caries reflecting the dietary sugar habits
