Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance Flashcards
COMPOUNDS that are naturally produced by living microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi; natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic molecule used to treat or prevent disease
Antibiotics
Natural or synthesized substances that actively inhibit or kill microorganism
Antimicrobial agent
This are obtained or purified by microorganisms
Natural
Substances that are chemically synthesize
Synthetic
Antimicrobial action
- Active form
- Able to achieve sufficient concentration to take affect
One of the aspect of pharmacology where it deals with the action of the drugs when it comes to its activity
Pharmacokinetics
What antibiotics are negative in Serum or blood?
Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin
What antibiotics that are positive in CSF?
MAC
Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
What antibiotics that is/are negative in Urine?
Clindamycin
NOTE: for Antibiotics not mention
Serum/Blood: (+)
MACVCGC
Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
Vancomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Clindamycin
CSF (-)
GCNN
Gentamicin
Clindamycin
Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin
Urine (+)
MACVCG NN
Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
Vancomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Clindamycin
Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin
NOTE: Reaching the target concentration results to the disruption of cellular activity such as growth inhibition or Cell death depending on the Mechanism of action
Antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth, but generally do not kill the organism
Bacteriostatic agents
Antimicrobial agents that kills the target organisms
Bactericidal agents
Antibacterial agents that exhibit substantial specificity in terms of their bactericidal cell targets
Mode of Action
What are the Bacteriostatic agents?
TripL Subo TiTe EryCh CliQu
Trimethoprim
Linezolid
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Tigecycline
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Quinupristin (Dalfopristin)
2 Components of Peptidoglycan?
N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid
Contains four-member, nitrogen containing, ring at the core of their structure
Beta-lactam
Responsible for inhibits transpeptidation process
Penicillin binding proteins
Process of creating cross links specifically the covalent bond between the peptidoglycan molecules
Transpeptidation
Where beta lactamase specifically targets in the peptidoglycan.
In between N-acetylmuramic acid (Cross-linkage)
What are the examples of Beta-lactams?
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Monobactams
Carbapenems
Examples of penicillin?
Penicillin
Ampicillin
Piperacillin
Mezlocillin
Examples of Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
Cefuroxime
Cefotetan
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefepime
Example of Monobactam
Aztreonam
Example of Carbapenems
Imipenem
Meropenem
Doripenem
Binds to PBPS to inhibit?
Cell Wall synthesis
In beta-lactams, they can be differentiated in their?
Extensions in beta-lactam ring
Inhibiting the cell wall synthesis of bacteria result to?
Osmotic instability = Cell death
Enzyme that inhibits beta-lactam group?
Beta-lactamases
What bacteria that releases beta lactamases to the environment?
Gram positive
What bacteria the release beta lactamases in the periplasmic space (Periplasm)
Gram negative
(Periplasmic space can only be located in gram negative bacteria)
Group A and D of Beta lactamases are considered?
Serine peptidases
Group C of Beta lactamases are considered?
Cephalosporinases
Group B of Beta lactamases are considered?
Metallo-beta-lactamases
Cofactor for Group B beta lactamases
Zinc
Combination of 2 antibiotics (With antimicrobial acitivity and Without activity that is capable of inhibiting the beta lactamase enzyme)
Beta-Lactam combination
Bacteria that that naturally produce beta lactams?
Penicillium notatum
Streptomyces cattleya
Cephalosporin acrenomium
Targets both aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and negative bacteria?
Beta lactam
Other major class of antibiotic that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the end of the peptidoglycan (PG), interfering with transpeptidation
Glycopeptides
Glycopeptides that contain hydrophobic chemical groups that inhibit transglycosylation process necessary for cell wall synthesis
Lipoglycopeptides
2 Monomers in peptidoglycan?
NAG and NAM
Process of joining the peptidoglycan monomer to form a chain
Transglycosylation
The size of the glycopeptide can penetrate with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE
What is the enzyme responsible for Transglycosylation?
Transglycosylase
Example of glycopeptides?
Vancomycin, Telavancin
Example of Lipoglycopeptides
Telavancin
This Glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides derives from what bacteria?
Acinetobacteria
Gram positive bacteria including MRSA is the spectrum of this drug?
Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides
NOTE: Vancomycin treatment when used longer thn 3days should be monitored
Binding and Disruption of cell membrane
Lipopeptides
Lipopeptides is derived from what bacteria?
Streptomyces roseosporus
bacillus polymyxa
What is the spectrum of activities for lipopeptides?
Gram positive (Res in beta lactams and glycopeptides)
Gram negative (Polymyxin B and Colistin)
