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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) > Prep101: Cycle 7 > Flashcards

Prep101: Cycle 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sex?

A

Recombination of genes

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2
Q

What are the main factors in the huge source of variation in sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Random mating (combining genetics from two organisms)
  2. Random segregation of parental chromosomes in meiosis metaphase I and II
  3. Meiotic recombination between homologous chromatids or “crossing over” at prophase I
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3
Q

True or False:

Sex is not the only method of reproduction

Explain

A

True, many organisms reproduce asexually

E.x. Female asexual lizards that still exhibit vestigial mating behavior

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4
Q

Define:

Asexual reproduction

A

Produce exact copy of self, no genetic exchange of information

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5
Q

What are the benefits of sexual recombination for the population?

A
  1. Speeds up evolution
  2. Discads harmful mutations and creates beneficial mutations
  3. Decreases likelihood of extinction
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6
Q

List the:

Benefits of asexual reproduction

A
  1. No time spent to find a mate (faster generation time)
  2. No loss of genetic information passed to offspring (100% of your genome is transmitted to next generation)
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7
Q

List and explain the:

Problems of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Cannot combine beneficial mutations. Each individual would need to randomly mutate and accumulate these within one lineage, results in slower evolution for adaptive traits combining to increase fitness of the organisms
  2. Cannot “lose” deleterious/harmful mutations. This is because 100% of the DNA is transmitted to the next generations
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8
Q

List and define:

Examples of asexual reproduction in plants

A
  1. Rhizomes: Modified underground stems that can produce new roots and shoots
  2. Adventitious roots: Non-root tissue transofrms into root tissue
  3. Tubers: Underground swollen root that acts as storage organs that can sprout new plants
  4. Bulbs: Underground lateral buds producing new plants
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9
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Rhizome

A

Strawberry plants

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10
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Adventitious roots

A

Strawberry plants

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11
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Tubers

A

Potatoes

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12
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Bulbs

A

Onions

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13
Q

List and define examples of:

Asexual reproduction in animals

A
  1. Fragmentation: Intentionally extend OR excise part of animal and both parts develop into new organism
  2. Budding: Part of organism develops by mitosis on parent then release as independent organism
  3. Parthenogenesis: Females produce offspring with no fertilization via diploid egg; typically female offspring
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14
Q

Give an example of:

Parthenogenesis

(Use one that Dr. McNeil may include on the exam)

A

The Pea Aphid
* The pea aphid male and female mate in the fall
* Diapausing eggs are laid, which are dormant until spring
* Parthenogenetic female colonies arise to increase number of aphids
* Repeats

(The haploid male drone bee example may also be used)

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15
Q

Define:

Sexual reproduction

A

Combines alleles/DNA from two different roganisms to create variation in the offspring

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16
Q

Describe how:

Organisms evolve through sexual reproduction

(What happens in sexual reproduction that leads to evolution)

A
  • Random mutations that can either be combined in a new organism

OR

  • Lost from the gene pool as only 50% of parent is passed on to next generation
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17
Q

List and explain the:

Benefits of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Variation in offspring genotype: Each individual is unique which gives a lot of options for selection to act on in a population
  2. Evolutionary change: Can combine beneficial traits by chance which increases speed of adaptive evolution
  3. Avoid Muller’s Ratchet: Harmful mutations may be lost from the gene pool by chance as organisms only pass on half of their genome
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18
Q

Additional Info:

What is the Lottery Principle?

(Applies in sexual reproduction)

A

Where variation is good if the environment changes

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19
Q

List and explain the:

Problems of Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Cost of mating: Time consuming, risky with predation or diseases, invest in courtship behaviors, competition between genders
  2. Cost of meiosis: Only half of your alleles are inherited for next generation
  3. Cost of Males: Are not able to reproduce/carry offspring, so half of the population cannot contribute new members to the population from their body
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20
Q

List and explain:

The types of sexual reproduction in plants

A
  1. Dioecious: Every organism is either a male or a female with separate reproductive parts, but cannot be both
  2. Hermaphrodite: Sex organs occur together in same structure/flower, simultaneously acting as a male and female
  3. Monoecious: Separate male and female sex organs in the same individual but in different structures, such as plants with different flowers for male or female parts
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21
Q

Addional Info:

Can hermaphrodites self-fertilize?

A

Yes, they MAY self-fertilize but will first attempt to outcross

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21
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Dioecious plant

A

Ginkgo trees

22
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Hermaphrodite plant

A

Roses

23
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Monoecious plant

A

Corn

24
Q

List and explain the:

Types of fertilization/pollination

A
  1. Abiotic: Wind/rain
  2. Biotic: Another organism faciliatates through co-evolution so that their structures can “match” each other

Example of biotic: Butterflies

25
Q

List and explain the:

Types of sexual reproduction in animals

A
  1. Monoecious hermaphrodites: Both structures at the same time, prefer outcrossing (most cannot self-fertilize)
  2. Sequential hermaphrodite: Sex change occurs at some point in development
26
Q

Give an example of a(n):

Monoecious hermaphrodite

A

Worms (they can line up ends and either give or receive sperm)

27
Q

Explain an example of a(n):

Sequential hermaphrodite

A

Cinnamon clownfish
* All were born as males
* Largest member in group changes to female
* When that solo breeding female dies, the next largest MALE CHANGEST TO FEMALE
* A non-breeder then changes to a male

28
Q

Define:

Protandry

A
  • Male to female change
    OR
  • An initial advantage being a male, but a later advantage to be a larger female if you survive that long

(The cinnamon clownfish is an example of protandry)

29
Q

Define:

Protogyny

A
  • Female to male change
    OR
  • An initial advantage being a female, but a later advantage to be a larger male if you survive that long
30
Q

Define:

Sexual Selection

A

A form of natural selection that is based on an organism’s ability to attract a mate (physical traits, safety, resources etc.)

31
Q

Define:

Sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in traits between males and females

32
Q

What is the result of sexual selection?

A

The “attractive” individuals will mate at a higher rate, which ensures that their offspring will inherit the desirable trait

33
Q

Who is usually the “choosier sex? Why?

A

Usually female is choosy because of greater parental investment in care, and fewer eggs/larger cell size than males (equals limited attempts)

34
Q

Explain the:

Tradeoffs’s of sexual selection

A

A trait that makes you a desirable mate (Colorful, loud mating call, long courtship dance) = Higher risk for predation

Too quiet/camouflaged = Lower mating rate and lower fitness

35
Q

In the mating game,

What is the goal of males?

A

To mate with highest number of females, want max quantity of offspring

36
Q

In the mating game,

What is the goal of females?

A

To mate with “best” mate option, want max quality of offspring

37
Q

Compare the potential fitness and average fitness of:

Human males and females

A

Males:
* Higher POTENTIAL fitness (humans could have many mates pregnant at same time)
* Same AVERAGE fitness, typically monogamous

Females:
* Lower POTENTIAL fitness (Humans can only be pregnant sequentially one after another with long generation time)
* Same AVERAGE fitness, typically monogamous

38
Q

Define:

Fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

39
Q

Define:

Absolute fitness

A

Number of viable offpsring an individual has

E.x. Meg has absolute fitness of 2 (equals 2 children)

40
Q

Define:

Relative fitness

A

Number of offspring had versus other individuals (divide by max fitness from an individual in the population)

E.x. Meg’s sister has 16 kids, Meg’s relative fitness is 2/16

41
Q

Define and give examples of:

Sex-Role Reversal

A

Males are choosy while females compete for access to males
* Giant water bug: Male carries eggs to hatch, so greater investment equals more choosy
* Crickets: Normally female is choosier and male cricket gives female ampulla of food when mates. However in low food conditions, the male becomes choosy
* Seahorses: Male provide parental care, females compete for access to males

42
Q

List the:

Direct and Indirect benefits of being choosy

A

Direct benefits
* Provided by the opposite sex, a benefit to mate (E.x. resources, safety, gifts)

Indirect (genetic) benefits
* Choice for traits that indicate genetic quality, that can be passed down to the next generation so offspring benefit

43
Q

List:

Some examples of indirect/genetic benefits of being choosy

A
  • Good genes for desirable traits that indicate high genetic quality (bilateral symmetry in faces)
  • Sexy sons - hope sons will inherit father’s preferred phenotype
  • MHC alleles
44
Q

What if both sexes are heavily invested in parental care?

A

Then both sexes are choosy and compete for access to the opposite sex

E.x. Humans, penguins

45
Q

Define:

Mixed reproductive strategy

A

Depending on current needs (Long-term vs. short-term) will choose mates differently

46
Q

List and explain:

Mating strategies

A
  • Monogamy: Have one mate
  • Polygamy: Have one gener that has multiple mates from the opposite gender, further divided into:
    1. Polygynous: One male, harem of females
    2. Polyandrous: One female, many male mates
47
Q

List and describe:

Courtship Behaviors

A
  1. Visual cues: Appearance (dimorphic) is a signal
  2. Auditory cues: Sounds waves or vibrations
  3. Olfactory signals/pheromones: Emit a chemical, perceived by others
  4. Tactile cues: Touch, dance, interaction that often follows a distinct pattern or sequence, if not done correctly mating would not occur
48
Q

Give an example of each:

Courtship Behavior

A
  1. Visual cues: Redwing blackbirds, saturation of red color on wing indicates health
  2. Auditory cues: Elephants (sound waves), water strider (vibrations)
  3. Olfactory signals/pheromones: MHC alleles in human, smell preference
  4. Tactile cues: Bird dances
49
Q

List a disadvantage of each:

Courtship Behavior

A
  1. Visual cues: MUST be in sight, wouldn’t work well if low visibility
  2. Auditory cues: MUST be a close distance to hear them/feel them
  3. Olfactory signals/pheromones: May travel long distances and persist, maybe not great in windy conditions
  4. Tactile cues: Must perform properly, must be within close proximity, but may not require on other cues
50
Q

List and explain:

Types of Competition for Sex

A
  • Intersexual: Between opposite sex, where individuals in 1 sex often choose the best mate in the opposite sex
  • Intrasexual: Between same sex, where individuals in 1 sex often compete for access to the opposite sex
51
Q

True or False:

Both inter- and intrasexual competition can occur at the same time

A

True

52
Q

List and explain different types of:

Selection Pressures

A
  • Mate Access: Chimps try to mate with multiple females, and females with multiple males, thus a selection pressure to produce more sperm and have large testicles
  • Remove previous mating sperm: Dragonflies have modified penis to pack down (unusable) or scrap out (removal) of sperm from past mating (the male also holds onto female after mating for potentially days to prevent additional matings
  • Require a reward: Scorpion fly male brings female a meal to eat while mating, better meal equals better chance of mating (sometimes the female stops mating at 14 minutes, 1 minute before the sperm transfer)
  • Bilateral symmetry indicating “good developmental genes”: Birds with symmetrical tail feathers (e.x. turkeys, peacocks), tigers with symmetrical stripes on their face, moths with bilateral hair the same size have better chance of mating

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) (13 decks)

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