Cycle 3 (Workshop + Study Session)

Question 1

What does “n” identify?

Answer 1

Identifies how many nuclear chromosomes are unique

Question 2

Coefficient of n identifies:

Answer 2

How many set of n there are

Question 3

Total number of chromosomes = Number of ___________

Answer 3

Centromeres

Question 4

True or False:
N changes during mitosis

Answer 4

False, N does NOT change during mitosis

Question 5

What is the coefficient of n also known as?

Answer 5

PLOIDY

Question 6

True or False:
n and C have no correlational relationship

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is the C-value Paradox?

Answer 7

The debate over how C-value of an organism tends to increase with its “complexity”

However, there is debate over what “complexity” means

Question 8

DNA is made up of 4 ___________

Answer 8

Nucleotides

Question 9

Name and group the nucleotides that DNA is made up of

Answer 9

Purines = Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Pyrimidines = Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

Question 10

Which nucleotides pair?

Answer 10

A-T, 2 bonds
C-G, 3 bonds

Question 11

______________ bonds link nucleotides together

Answer 11

Phosphodiester

Question 12

True or False:
DNA runs antiparallel

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is on the 5’ end of DNA? How about the 3’ end of DNA?

Answer 13

5’ end = Phosphate
3’ end = OH group

Question 14

_______ unwinds the double helix to separate the 2 parent strands

Answer 14

Helicase

Question 15

Explain how DNA Polymerase III works

Answer 15

DNA Polymerase III extends primers by adding nucleotides to form new DNA complementary to template strand

Question 16

Explain how DNA Polymerase I works

Answer 16

Polymerase I cleaves off RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides

Question 17

True or False:
DNA Polymerase III synthesizes new strand 3’-5’

Answer 17

False, DNA Polymerase III synthesizes new strand 5’-3’, but reads template strand 3’-5’

Question 18

Define:
Leading strand

Answer 18

Continuous replication towards the replication fork

Question 19

Define:
Lagging strand

Answer 19

Discontinuous replication away from replication fork (Okazaki fragments)

Question 20

True or False:
Both leading and lagging strands begin with an RNA primer

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Why are there often multiple origins (bubbles) during replication?

Answer 21

Increases replication efficiency

Question 22

Each replication origin has _ ___________ _____ travelling in _______ __________

Answer 22

2 replication forks
Opposite directions

Question 23

Explain how DNA ligase works

Answer 23

DNA ligase fills in the nicks left after removal of the primers

Question 24

What are telomeres? What is their purpose?

Answer 24

Repeating TTAGGG sequences at the ends of your chromosomes
Acts as buffer regions

Question 25

Define:
Hayflick limit

Answer 25

The number of times somatic cell can divide before reaching the end of the TTAGGG region

Question 26

Define:
Cell senescence

Answer 26

Irreversible cell cycle arrest

Question 27

DNA replication leaves the _ end of newly-synthesized strands _______ than their complementary strand

Answer 27

5’
Shorter

Question 28

True or False:
Telomerase restores the length of chromosomes

Answer 28

True, but does not prevent DNA shortening

Question 29

Describe how telomerase works

Answer 29

Binds to the 3’ end of template strand

Extends the length of the template strand using a short RNA template built into the enzyme

DNA polymerase III extends the RNA primer synthesized on newly extended template strand using complementary base pairing