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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) > Cycle 6 (Workshop + Study Session) > Flashcards

Cycle 6 (Workshop + Study Session) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define:
Allele

A

Slight variation of the same gene (gives different genotype/phenotype)

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2
Q

Define:
Locus

A

Location of gene on a chromosome

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3
Q

Define:
Gene pool

A

Collection of all possible alleles for a particular gene

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4
Q

What the are the key points of Mendelian Inheritance?

A

Use Punnett squares
Predicts offspring genotype/phenotype

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5
Q

What assumptions are made in Mendelian Inheritance?

A

Population “in equilibrium”
Random crosses
No selection for/against anything

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6
Q

True or False:
Mendelian Inheritance is accurate in real populations

A

False, Mendelian Inheritance is not applicable to all populations

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7
Q

Define:
Genotype frequency

A

How common is that genotype in the entire population

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8
Q

Define:
Allele frequency

A

How common is that allele in the entire population

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9
Q

Calculate:
In a population of 2000, if we have 400 P alleles, what frequency does the P allele occur?

A

0.2

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10
Q

What do we call the conditions where the population isn’t undergoing any changes, thus Mendel’s principles are able to be applied?

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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11
Q

If the ________ frequencies that come out of your cross _______ the ________ frequencies you calculated with the original data, that population is in ___

A

Genotype
Matches
Genotype
HWE

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12
Q

What will disrupt HWE?

A

Selection
Mutation
Migration
Genetic Drift
Non-random mating

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13
Q

How does selection disrupt HWE?

A

Perhaps for or against a phenotype

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14
Q

How does mutation affect HWE?

A

New alleles are made

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15
Q

How does migration affect HWE?

A

New alleles may enter the population, old ones may leave, or something similar

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16
Q

How does genetic drift affect HWE?

A

A sudden, massive change to the allele frequencies

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17
Q

How does non-random mating affect HWE?

A

For example, inbreeding causes certain members of a population preferentially mate instead of completely randomly

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18
Q

State the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2

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19
Q

What does the p^2 stand for? 2pq? q^2

A

Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
Frequency of heterozygous genotype
Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

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20
Q

True or False:
p + q must equal 1 in Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

True

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21
Q

Define:
Absolute fitness (W)

A

Number of surviving offspring (that reproduces) for each genotype

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22
Q

True or False:
Absolute fitness is not a measurable quantity

A

False, absolute fitness is a measurable quantity

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23
Q

Define:
Relative fitness

A

Absolute fitness divided by absolute fitness of the most fit genotype

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24
Q

Give an example of an absolute fitness

A

Number of eggs

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25
Q

The most fit genotype has w = _

A

1

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26
Q

All other genotypes besides the most fit genotype has w < _ (_ / _____)

A

1
W / Wmax

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27
Q

Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness:
w(YY) < w(Yy) > w(yy)

A

Heterozygote advantage

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28
Q

Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness:
w(YY) = w(yy) > w(Yy)

A

Heterozygote disadvantage

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29
Q

Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness:
w(YY) = w(Yy) > w(yy)

A

Dominant advantage

30
Q

Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness:
w(YY) = w(Yy) < w(yy)

A

Recessive advantage

31
Q

Determine type of selection by comparing relative fitness:
w(YY) = w(Yy) = w(yy)

A

No selection

32
Q

Does the dominance status of an allele that is not related to fitness affect its frequency over time?

A

No it does not

33
Q

Define:
Dominance status

A

Dominant or recessive favoured

34
Q

Determine relative fitness of selection against dominant allele and its effects

A

w(AA) = w(Aa) < w(aa)

Overtime, dominant allele will be removed from the population
No presence of homozygous/heterozygous dominant phenotype, only homozygous recessive phenotype

35
Q

Determine relative fitness of selection against a recessive allele and its effects

A

w(AA) = w(Aa) > w(aa)

Overtime, frequency of recessive allele decreases but never disappears completely
Frequency of recessive phenotype will occur occasionally, but will be removed quickly due to selection

36
Q

Determine relative fitness of heterozygote advantage and its effects

A

w(AA) < w(Aa) > w(aa)

Allele frequencies will stabilizes near 0.5
Once stabilized, selection is still occurring but evolution is not
Genetic variation maintained (balancing selection)

37
Q

In Heterozygote advantage, allele frequencies will stabilize near ___. Once frequencies stabilize, _________ is occurring, but _________ is not

A

0.5
Selection
Evolution

38
Q

True or False:
In heterozygote advantage, genetic variation is not maintained

A

False, in heterozygote advantage, genetic variation is maintained

39
Q

What is maintained genetic variation called?

A

Balancing selection

40
Q

Determine relative fitness of heterozygote disadvantage and its effects

A

w(AA) = w(aa) > w(Aa)

More common allele frequency increases to 1, less common allele vanishes
Rare allele disappears not because it’s harmful, but they are most likely to be found in heterozygotes
Genetic variation decreases

41
Q

In heterozygote disadvantage, the more common allele frequency __________ to _, less common allele _________

A

Increases
1
Decreases

42
Q

In heterozygote disadvantage, rare allele disappears. Why?

A

They are most likely to be found in heterozygotes

43
Q

Genetic variation decreases in:

A

Heterozygote disadvantage

44
Q

True or False:
Most phenotype are quantitative phenotypes

A

True

45
Q

What are quantitative phenotypes?

A

Quantitative means expressed with a distribution in population

46
Q

What are qualitative phenotypes?

A

Can be described a category

47
Q

What are types of quantitative selection?

A

Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Balancing selection

48
Q

True or False:
Selection doesn’t always mean evolution

A

True

49
Q

Evolution is occurring, if _______ ___________ are changing

A

Allele frequencies

50
Q

How can selection occur without changing the overall frequencies?

A

One example could be heterozygote advantage

51
Q

What is assortative mating also known as?

A

Inbreeding

52
Q

What is dissociative mating known as?

A

Inbreeding avoidance

53
Q

Define:
Inbreeding

A

Organisms that mate with similar phenotypes

54
Q

What effect does assortative mating have?

A

Increases homozygosity (the amount of homozygotes, could result in inbreeding

55
Q

True or False:
Inbreeding changes allele frequencies

A

False, inbreeding changes genotype frequencies

56
Q

Inbreeding causes ____ __ ______________, but allele frequencies are the ____

A

Loss of heterozygosity
Same

57
Q

True or False:
Associative/inbreeding decreases variability

A

True

58
Q

Dissociative/inbreeding avoidance increases ___________ or _____________

A

Variability
Heterozygosity

59
Q

List the consequences of assortative mating

A

Increase in homozygosity
Increases probability of harmful recessive alleles to be expressed

60
Q

List the consequences of disassortative mating

A

Increase in heterozygosity
Can work with selection to select for advantageous phenotypes

61
Q

What is the “increase probability of harmful recessive alleles to be expressed” also known as?

A

Inbreeding depression

62
Q

Describe stabilizing selection

A

Culls extreme variations
Narrows width of distribution

63
Q

Describe:
Directional selection

A

Favours one extreme
Shifts distribution left/right

64
Q

Describe:
Disruptive selection

A

Favours both extremes
Creates bimodal distribution

65
Q

Define:
Random sampling error

A

An error that occurs in small populations

66
Q

In genetic drift, allele frequencies change due to ______

A

Chance

67
Q

Give examples of genetic drift

A

Population bottlenecks
Founder effect

68
Q

True or False:
In genetic drift, over many generations, one allele may completely disappear or completely take over

A

True

69
Q

Define:
Bottleneck

A

Catastrophic reduction in population, small number survive

70
Q

Define:
Founder effect

A

Only small number will move to a different environment, start new pop there

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) (13 decks)

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