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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) > Cycle 2 (Workshop and Study Session) > Flashcards

Cycle 2 (Workshop and Study Session) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain difference between prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: DNA is in nucleoid, replication occurs through binary fission
Eukaryotes: DNA is in nucleus, replication through mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

Step 1 of Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotic parent cell initiates replication

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3
Q

Step 2 of Binary Fission

A

A copy of the cell’s DNA is created

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4
Q

Step 3 of Binary Fission

A

Cell elongates and cross wall forms

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5
Q

Step 4 of Binary Fission

A

Cross wall forms completely and daughter cells separate

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6
Q

Define:
Mitosis

A

Cell division into 2 identical daughter cells

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7
Q

What are the phases of a eukaryotic cell cycle?

A

Interphase (G0, G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)

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8
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cell growth and differentiation

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9
Q

What happens in S?

A

DNA Replication

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10
Q

What happens in G2?

A

Preparation for Mitosis

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11
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes condense and pair up

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12
Q

What happens in prometaphase of mitosis?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, bundles of spindle microtubules grow from centrosomes at spindle poles towards cell centre

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13
Q

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

A

Spindles reach final form, chromosomes line up at the spindle midpoint

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14
Q

What happens in anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite spindle poles

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15
Q

What happens in telophase/cytokinesis of mitosis?

A

Spindle disassembles, chromosomes at each spindle pole decondense, cell pinches in the middle

Altogether, two identical daughter cells are formed

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16
Q

Why is cell division necessary?

A

Tissue Repair
Multi-Cellular Growth
Regeneration
Maintain high Surface area : Volume Ratio

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17
Q

Why do cells need to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio?

A

At a large volume, surface area cannot keep up with the demands of the cell

Thus cell must divide to survive

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18
Q

What are the cell cycle checkpoints?

A

G1/S
G2/M
Mitotic Spindle

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19
Q

What does G1/S checkpoint assess for?

A

Cell size and DNA damage

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20
Q

What is required for cell to continue through G1/S checkpoint?

A

Growth factor presence required to enter synthesis (S stage)

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21
Q

What does G2/M checkpoint assess for?

A

Proper chromosomal replication
DNA Damage

22
Q

What is required for cell to continue through G2/M checkpoint?

A

Molecules required to enter mitosis

23
Q

What does Mitotic Spindle checkpoint assess for?

A

Attachment of spindles at kinetochores
Chromosomes are lined up evenly on metaphase plate

24
Q

What does the Mitotic Spindle checkpoint mitigate?

A

Aneuploidy

25
Q

Define:
Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

26
Q

Define and give examples of:
Positive Regulators

A

Regulators that induces cell cycle
Cyclins and CDK

27
Q

What are cyclins?

A

Cyclins binds to CDK to form Cyclin-CDK complex

28
Q

What is CDK?

A

Phosphorylation cascade intermediate

29
Q

Define and give examples of:
Negative Regulators

A

Negative regulators halts the cell cycle
p53 and p21

30
Q

How does p53 work?

A

Detects damage and upregulates p21 transcription

31
Q

How does p21 work?

A

Binds to CDK to inhibit Cyclin-CDK complex

32
Q

How does normal p53 differ from mutated p53?

A

Normal p53 is the Guardian of the Genome

If DNA damage, cell cycle abnormalities, or hypoxia occurs, it will arrest the cell cycle and either undergo DNA repair and restart, or apoptosis

Mutate p53 will not respond to DNA damage, cell cycle abnormalities, or hypoxia

Thus, the cell cycle continues and the cells become cancerous

33
Q

Define:
Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

34
Q

How are chromosomes counted?

A

One chromosome = One centromere

35
Q

True or False:
Sister chromosomes are identical

A

Depends. Sister chromatids are identical before recombination

36
Q

True or False:
Homologous chromosomes are identical

A

False, homologous chromosomes are related but not identical

37
Q

Define:
Meiosis

A

Cell division into 4 unique daughter cells

38
Q

What happens in prophase I of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes condense and pair up

39
Q

True or False:
Meiosis I is reductional

A

True

40
Q

Describe Meiosis I

A

Homologous chromosomes separate
The number of chromosomes is halved
The cells produced are now haploid

41
Q

True or False:
Meiosis II is reductional

A

False, meiosis II is equational

42
Q

Describe meiosis II

A

Sister chromatids separate
The number of chromosomes is unchanged
Similar to mitosis

43
Q

Define:
Recombination

A

Swapping chromosome segments in prophase I of meiosis

44
Q

Alleles on the same chromosome are ____ likely to end up together

A

More

45
Q

The closer that alleles are, the _____ the chance recombination will _______ them

A

Lower
Separate

46
Q

Lists ways of to create variation in meiosis

A

Homologous Recombination
Independent Assortment
Random Alignment
Random Fertilization

47
Q

Explain Independent Assortment

A

Chromosomes segregate independent of one another (anaphase)

48
Q

Explain Random Alignment

A

Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate randomly (metaphase)

49
Q

______________ causes Aneuploidy

A

Nondisjunction

50
Q

Life cycle of an animal:
Gametes undergo _______
Zygotes undergo _______

A

Meiosis
Mitosis

51
Q

Life cycles of plants and most fungi:
Gametes undergo _______
Spores undergo _______

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

52
Q

Life cycles of algae and some fungi:
Gametes undergo _______
Zygotes undergo _______

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) (13 decks)

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