Cycle 7 (Workshop) Flashcards
Define:
Thelytoky
A type of parthenogenesis where female offspring are produced
Define:
Parthenogenesis
Females produce offspring without fertilization from sperm
Define:
Arrhenotoky
A type of parthenogenesis where male offspring are produced
List types of asexual reproduction in plants
New individuals are genetically identical (bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, adventitious roots)
List types of asexual reproduction in animals
Fragmentation, budding, and parthenogenesis
List types of sexes in plants
Monoecious, dioecious, hermaphrodites
Define:
Monoecious plants
Flowers of both sexes on same plant
Define:
Dioecious plants
Male and female flowers are on different plants
Define:
Hermaphrodite plants
The flower has male and female parts (but not much self-fertilizing occurs)
List sexes in animals
Monoecious hermaphrodite, sequential hermaphrodite, dioecious
Define:
Monoecious hermaphrodite animal
Species with male and female sex organs
Define:
Dioecious
Individuals of separate sexes
Define:
Sequential hermaphrodite animal
Change from male to female or female to male based on a series of cues (olfactory, visual, auditory, tactile)
Define:
Protandry
Sex changes from male to female
Define:
Protogyny
Sex changes from female to male
What are the costs of having different sexes?
Time spent
Male-male competition
Courtship
Rejection
Natural enemies
STDs
What are the benefits of having different sexes?
Diversity of offspring (chances for gaining beneficial alleles, and losing negative ones) through sexual reproduction
Define:
Monogamy
Mating system with one partner
What types of polygamy are there?
Polygyny
Polyandry
Define:
Polygyny
Male mating with many females
Define:
Polyandry
Female mating with many males
What are some examples of courtship behavior and mating?
Visual, auditory, chemical, and tactile
What influences which cues are used during mating?
Habitat
Define:
“Choosier sex”
The sex that invests more in offspring (higher parental investment)
Generally, _______ are the more “choosier sex”
Females (but there are exceptions)
Define:
Sexual selection
Where a choosier sex chooses mates based of physical attributes
What traits define the “choosier” sex?
The sex that invests more in offspring (higher parental investment)
True or False:
Sexual selection can also be dependent on ecological situations
True, in the situation of role reversals
What is the male strategy when females choose?
Mate as often as possible, to leave his genes
What is a cost of sexual reproduction?
Male-male competition (Intrasexual Competition)
Second mating _________ reproductive success of female
Increases
List some evolution of adaptations to reduce sperm competition
Increased ejaculate size
Remove sperm from previous mating
Mate guarding
How do females choose their mate?
Visual signals (size etc.)
Nuptial gifts
Good gene hypothesis and symmetry
MHC
True or False:
More symmetrical implies better genes
True
Describe:
MHC
Group of genes on cell surfaces
What is the goal in obtaining MHC genes?
Goal is to obtain a diversity of MHC genes for protection of progeny against disease
