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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) > Cycle 9 (Workshop) > Flashcards

Cycle 9 (Workshop) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A phylogenetic tree is used to:

A

Show evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

Where can one find a MRCA on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Find the branching point of the two species

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3
Q

How do we determine how closely related two species are?

A

The more recent the branching points are, the more closely related

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4
Q

Define:
Clade

A

All descendants of an ancestor

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5
Q

Define:
Sister Clade

A

Clades that share a most recent common ancestor

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6
Q

Monophyletic means:

A

Includes MRCA and all the descendants

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7
Q

Non-monophyletic means:

A

Does not include MRCA/all the descendants

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8
Q

What is difference between ancestral and derived traits?

A

Ancestral traits evolved before the MRCA

Derived traits evolved before the MRCA

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9
Q

Define:
Autapomorphy

A

Derived traits unique to a single taxon
(uniquely, derived, character)

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10
Q

Define:
Symplesiomorphy

A

Ancestral trait shared 2 or more taxa
(Shared, ancestral, character)

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11
Q

Define:
Synapomorphy

A

Derived trait shared by 2 or more taxa
(Shared, derived, character)

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12
Q

Define:
Outgroup

A

Consists of species related to a clade, but not included in it

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13
Q

What is outgroup comparison used for?

A

To identify ancestral and derived traits
To identify the root (common ancestor of the ingroup and outgroup)

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14
Q

Determine if this trait is ancestral/derived:
Present in outgroup
Present in ingroup

A

Ancestral

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15
Q

Determine if this trait is ancestral/derived:
Present in outgroup
Present in some ingroup

A

Ancestral

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16
Q

Determine if this trait is ancestral/derived:
Not present in outgroup
Present in some ingroup

A

Derived

17
Q

Define:
Homology

A

Similarity that reflects common ancestry

18
Q

Define:
Convergence

A

Not closely related organisms develop similar features through evolution

19
Q

Define:
Homoplasy

A

Misleading similarities or dissimilarities (trait missing/gained for separate lineages)

20
Q

What is the Principle of parsimony?

A

A particular trait is unlikely to evolve independently in separate evolutionary lineages (simplest possible approach is the best

21
Q

Most parsimonius = Least number of ____________ _______

A

Evolutionary changes

22
Q

Goal of cladistics

A

Make phylogeny

23
Q

How does one make a phylogeny?

A

Compared shared and different traits to guess which organisms are closely vs. more further related (outgroup comparison)

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1001) (13 decks)

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