Cycle 1 (Workshop + Study Session)) Flashcards
True or False:
Viruses are on the tree of life
False, viruses are not on the tree of life
Can viruses reproduce on their own?
No, viruses cannot reproduce on their own
Viruses must infect a ____ (____) in order to replicate
Cell
Host
Define:
Retrovirus
Viruses made of RNA that uses RT (reverse transcriptase) to convert their RNA to DNA
Viruses require ____ _________ for __________
Host machinery
Metabolism
Define:
Spillover Event
Diseases that were originally present in non-human animals and transferred to humans
HIV is a ________ disease
Zoonotic disease
Why are spillover events more harmful for the new host?
They are more harmful for the new species as they have resided in the old host for longer
Where are spillover events more likely to occur?
Spillover events are more likely to occur between closely related species
Why is it hard to eradicate viruses?
Since viruses are obligate parasites, they rely on host cell for reproduction, meaning that targeting the virus would likely harm the host cell, and cause even more damage to the host organism
True or False:
HIV has a low mutation rate
False
Why does HIV have a high mutation rate?
HIV relies on reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA, which produces lots of errors
What is AZT?
A base analog of thymidine (T base), where 3’ OH is 3’ N3 instead
How does AZT HIV treatment work?
AZT blocks DNA elongation and stops action of reverse transcriptase
True or False:
AZT Treatment is not a good long-term treatment for HIV
True
How does HIV evolve resistance to AZT?
Due to high rates of mistakes in copying HIV genome by reverse transcriptase, this results in high levels of mutation
Some mutations MAY OR MAY NOT give some HIV resistance to AZT
Favorable mutations - ones that have AZT resistance - survive to reproduce, and over time, a greater proportion of the population becomes resistant to AZT
“Mutation _______, selection ________”
Proposes
Disposes
True or False:
Mutations are random, and they occur in response to the environment
False. Mutations are RANDOM, thus they always occur regardless of the environment
True or False:
Organisms “mutate” in response to the environment
False, mutations are always occurring no matter what environment
Define and explain the purpose of:
Drug Cocktails
Using multiple drugs as therapy, dilutes possibility of total resistance
Viruses divide very ____
Mutations accumulate very ____
Viruses change very ____
Fast
Fast
Fast
What are two key points of evolution?
Happens over generations
Driven by mutation
A scientific theory must be:
Testable: Can be revise, and experiments can be run on it
Falsifiable: If contradicting evidence appears, can the “theory” be claimed “false?”
What are the core principles of the Theory of Evolution
Organisms change/diverge over long periods of time
All organisms are related, however distant
Evolution changes populations, not individuals
Natural selection is one agent driving evolution
Define:
Biogeography
Similar species in different places, but a few changes have occurred
Define:
Comparative morphology
Different species have similar morphological characteristics
List the Evidence for Evolution (“Macro” Scale)
Biogeography
Comparative Morphology (Homologous traits and Vestigial structures)
Geology and Fossils
Mutations are ______ and allow for _________ in the population
Random
Variation
Evolution is ___________, NOT ______________
Variational (variation in population)
Transformation (transform individuals)
