Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 3410 > Prenatal Development Effects of Hormones > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Effects of Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What does your genetic sex determine?

A

Gonadal Sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do your Gonadal Hormones produce?

A

Phenotypic Sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the 20th century model of Male Differentiation?

A

XY —> SRY protein –> testes —> testosterone –> male brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the 20th century model of female?

A

XX —> No SRY –> Ovaries —> No testosterone –> feminine brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What factors contribute to fetal hormones and the development of Reproductive Organs

A

1.) Gonads

2.) Internal Reproductive Ducts

3.) External Reproductive Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can the Cortex potentially differentiate into?

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can your Medulla differentiate into?

A

Testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens if you are XY?

A

You contain the SRY gene on the Y chromosome, which produces a functional SRY protein and the medulla develops into testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if you are XX?

A

No SRY gene, no functional SRY protein and he cortex develops into testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the Differentiation of the Internal Reproductive Ducts from Conception to first 3 months?

A

1.) Wolffian System: male (seminal vesicles, vas deferent)

2.) Mullerian System: females (vagina, Fallopian tubes, uterus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens at the third prenatal month if you have testes?

A

Testes –> testosterone and mullerian inhibiting substance

Wolffian system develop

Mullerian system degenerates

Testes descend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens at third prenatal month if you do not have testes?

A

No testes –> No testosterone hormones

Wallerian system develops

Wolffian system degenerates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the differentiation of the external reproductive organs develop from?

A

One biopotential precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does differentiation of external reproductive organs occur?

A

In the second month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does tester one produce?

A

Male external structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does lack of testosterone produce?

A

Female external structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

Increase in the hormones related from the anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the Hormones released from your Anterior Pituitary Gland during puberty?

A
  • Growth Hormone (affecting bones and muscle)
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • Gonadtropic Hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of hormones do you get an increase of during puberty?

A

Gonad and Adrenal Sex Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the Adrenal and Gonad Hormones?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Estrodial
  • Progesterone
  • Adrenal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is achieved during puberty?

A

Fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What chaacteristics develop during puberty?

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Secondary Sex Characteristics?

A

Any features other then their reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature men and women such as facial hair, breasts, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who hits puberty first?

A

Although puberty is highly variable, girls hit puberty before boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What has happened regarding the age of hitting puberty?
It has decreased over the years
26
What was the Explanation for this Trend?
Better nutrition and sanitation for girls Brought down age of menarche after the Industrial Revolution
27
What is the age of puberty for Developed countries, today?
Boys: 11.5 Girls: 10.5
28
What is the age of puberty for Developed Countries, 1800s
Boys: 16 Girls: 15
29
What was the age of puberty in the Paleolithic/Neolithic era?
Girls: 7 - 13 years
30
What age does sexual attraction begin?
10
31
What can sexual attraction precede?
Puberty
32
Why does sexual interest precede puberty?
May be due to the adrenal portico steroids (adrenal glands mature sooner than your gonads) Adrenal maturation occurs roughly around the same time as sexual maturation
33
What is Sexual Dimorphism?
The distinct difference of the sexes of the same species (i.e, men have testes, women has ovaries)
34
What is Sexual Differences?
Any observable variation between males and females with some overlap (E.g, mental rotations - guys re typically better)
35
What were Peiffer's Studies?
Manipulating patterns of hormonal release; done in 1936
36
What did Peiffer do his study on?
Newborn Rats
37
What is a Gonadectomy?
Surgical removal of the Gonads
38
What happened in a Gonadectomy?
Both XX and XY developed cyclic patterns of GnRH
39
What happened in a Gonadectomy and a testes transplant?
Both XX and XY developed steady patterns of GnRH release
40
What happened in a Gonadectomy and an Ovaries transplant?
Both XX and XY developed cyclic patterns of GnRH
41
What was the conclusion of Peiffer's Experiment?
That prenatal androgens are essential for development of steady patterns of hypothalamic gonadotropin release
42
What area is responsible for male sex behaviour?
Medial preoptic area of Hypothalamus
43
What area is responsible for female sex behaviour?
Ventral Medial Area of Hypothalamus
44
What other hypothalamic nuclei are involved in Sex Behaviour?
Hippocampus Amygdala Dopaminergic System Oxytocin and Vasopressin
45
What does the male medial Preoptic Nucleus contain?
A larger sexually dimorphic nucleus
46
What are the cellular differences of the MALE MPOA?
1.) More dendritic spines 2.) More and More Immune Cells 3.) Bushier Astrocytes
47
What do Men typically have large nuclei in?
Hypothalamus, Spinal Cord
48
What is the one area of the hypothalamus that females have larger nuclei in?
Surpachiasmatic Nucleus
49
What areas do females tend to have larger nuclei in?
Anything associated with language and connecting the two hemispheres
50
What behavioural differences do men seem to do/better at then women?
- Rough tumble and play, aggression, childhood activity levels, 3D visual rotation and 2D visual rotation, quantitative abilities
51
What behavioural differences do women tend to be better at then men?
Verbal language, speech, perceptual speed
52
What psychiatric disorders are females more likely to get?
Anxiety, Depression and Eating Disorders
53
What psychiatric disorders are men more likely to get?
Autism, ADHD, early-onset schizophrenia, stuttering, dyslexia
54
What psychiatric disorders affect both men and women the same?
Schizophrenia, Bipolar
55
What is the Aromatization Hypothesis?
Sex steroids are synthesized by cholesterol and are readily converted from one to the other
56
What can the aromatization of testosterone produce/become?
Estradial
57
What is Testosterone?
An androgen that acts through androgen receptors
58
What is the first pathway testosterone can take?
The enzyme aromatase can convert it to Estradiol (E2) - Estrogen receptors
59
What is the second pathway testosterone can take?
The enzyme 5a reductase can convert it into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and it can act through Androgen receptors
60
What does aromatzied testosterone (estradiol)do the brain in rodents?
Masculinize the brain
61
What happens with neonatal administration of testosterone
male
62
What happens with neonatal administration of estradiol
Male
63
What happens with neonatal administration of Test. and Aromatase inhibitor
Female
64
What happens with neonatal administration of Dihydrotestosterone
Female
65
What happens during pregnancy?
Estrodial and Progesterone levels significantly increase
66
What does NOT masculinize the brain?
Maternal Estradiol
67
What does alpha fetoprotein do?
When circulating in the blood, it binds to and sequesteres to estradiol but not testosterone
68
What happens to maternal estradiol?
Can not reach the brain
69
What happens to fetal testosterone?
Able to enter the brain
70
Why can't the maternal estradiol cross the brain
Due to the Alphafetoprotein blocking it from getting past BBB
71
What can estradiol synthesized from paternal do?
Drive masculinization of XY in the brain
72
What is the female brain driven by?
It will be actively driven by estrogenic mechanisms

PSYCH 3410 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions