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PSYCH 3410 > Lecture 8 - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticty > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Brain Damage and Neuroplasticty Flashcards

1
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of the brain caused by a microorganism (bacteria, fungi, parasite, viruses)

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2
Q

What are Abscesses?

A

Pockets of Pus

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3
Q

What is the Meningitis?

A

Inflammation of the Meninges

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4
Q

How is Meningitis treated?

A

By antibiotics

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5
Q

What is an example of meningitis

A

Syphilis

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6
Q

What do some virus infections do?

A

Attack neural tissue and affect host’s behaviour

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7
Q

What is an exogenous neurotoxin?

A

Comes from the environment, enters general circulation and crosses the blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

What are examples of exogenous neurotoxins?

A

Heavy metal and poison

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9
Q

What are Endogenous neurotoxins?

A

Coming from the inside - antibodies (autoimmune disorder) and excess excitatory neurotransmitters (glutamate in strokes)

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10
Q

What can heavy metals such as mercury and lead cause?

A

Toxic psychosis

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11
Q

What are examples of venoms?

A

Spiders, snake, bacterial toxins, Botox

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12
Q

What can venom cause?

A

Tardive dyskinesia

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13
Q

What is Tardive Dyskinesia?

A

Involuntary, repetitive movements

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14
Q

What are Genetic Factors for Brain damage disorders?

A

Mostly recessive genes (as one dominant would override the effects) and problems with cell division

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15
Q

What are examples of recessive disorders?

A

PKU, Beckner’s Dystrophy

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16
Q

What can there be for one disorder?

A

Mostly multiple gene mutations

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17
Q

What is the percentage of Down syndrome?

A

0.15% and increases with maternal age

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18
Q

What is Down syndrome Caused by?

A

Trisomy 21 (extra chromosome)

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19
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A

Common, reoccurring seizures of endogenous origin

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20
Q

What is the percentage of epilepsy?

A

Affecting about 4% of the population

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21
Q

What are the causes of epilepsy?

A
  • Brain Damage
  • Inflammatory Processes
  • Over 100 faulty genes
  • Issues with GABA signalling
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22
Q

What is the Diagnosis of Epislepy?

A

EEG

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23
Q

What does a seizure indicate?

A

The sudden bursting discharge of a neuron

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24
Q

What are some subtle behaviour changes of epilepsy?

A

Change in thought, mood, behaviour

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25
What is a more severe behavioural change?
Convulsions
26
What are Convulsions?
Motor seizures with tremors, rigidity, loss of balance, loss of coordination
27
What are the Types of Seizures?
1.) Focal (partial) seizures 2.) Generalized seizures
28
What do focal seizures consist of?
Simple and complex seizures
29
What is a simple seizure?
Symptoms are sensory, motor or both Symptoms spread as the discharge goes to different brain regions
30
What is a complex seizure?
Restricted to the temporal lobe (temporal lobe seizures) Patient engages in compulsive and repetitive behaviours More complex behaviours (hallucinations, weirdness)
31
What do Generalize Seizures consist of?
1. Tonic-Clonic Seizures 2. Absence Seizures
32
What are Tonic Clonic Seizures?
Loss of balance and equilibrium Violent tonic (rigidity) and clonic (tremors) convulsions
33
What can Tonic-Clonic seizure result in?
Hypoxia - loss of oxygen in brain which can cause brain damage
34
What are Absence seizures?
No convulsions
35
What is an Absence?
Disruption of consciousness with ongoing behaviour (blink out or stare into space for a moment)
36
What are Epileptic Auras?
Auras are partial or focal seizures that sometimes happen before a more severe seize occurs.
37
What are the systems of an Aura?
Deja Vu, Euphoria, Impending Doom, Fear
38
What can Auras help identify?
Where the seizure is originating (Aura's nature suggests the site of epileptic focus)
39
What can the frequency and severity of Epilepsy be treated with?
Anti-convulsant medication
40
How else can you treat Epilepsy?
Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve deep brain stimulation
41
What are newer interventions, that are still under investigation?
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - Ketogenic Diet
42
What did the Kindling Model of Epislepy demonstrate?
The progressive development of convulsions with electrical or chemical brain stimulation
43
What did the Kindling Model do?
Continued to stimulate the amygdala in mice, this produced temporal lobe seizures, when they stopped stimulating, these mice still produced seizures.
44
What did Extensive Kindling cause?
Spontaneous Convulsions
45
How did the Kindling model correlate to humans?
They found that humans have a similar progressive onset - after one epilepsy attack, seizures continue
46
What is the percentage of people Parkinson's affects?
Around 1% of the population (more common in males)
47
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Motor: slow movements, tremor during inactivity, reduced facial expression No dementia is seen Pain and depression
48
What is the cause of Parkinson's ?
The loss of dopaminergic neurons (project to the striatum) in the substantia nigra
49
What is the effect on dopamine for Parkinson's?
Loss of dopamine release in the striatum of the basal ganglia
50
What did Autopsies show with Parkinson's?
Lewy bodies (protein clumps)
51
What does the substantia nigra look like in Parkinson's patients?
Diminished
52
What do we see inside the striatum?
Lewy bodies
53
What are the treatment used for Parkinson's?
L-dopa (dopamine agonist) Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus
54
What does DOPA do to a Parkinson's patient?
Secretes more dopamine
55
What have 80% of Parkinson's been?
Idiopathic (no specific cause)
56
What has 5% of Parkinson's been?
Famililal
57
What have the other 5% been knows as?
A known mutation (SNCA, PRKN, LRRK2)
58
What is Alpha-Synuclein (SNCA)?
Main component of Lewy bodies 2% of all familial cases
59
What is Daddarian protein (LRRK2)?
5% of familial cases and 2% of sporadic cases
60
What is Parkin (PRKN)?
18% of early onset (<40) 28% of recessive familial cases (<40) 80% of recessive juvenile cases (<20)
61
What is MPTP model of Parkinsons?
Synthetic Heroin
62
What is MPTP converted to?
The neurotoxin MPP+ in astrocytes
63
What can MPP+ cause?
Cell lose in the substania nigra and reduced dopamine release in the striatum
64
What does the MPTP model work on?
A primate model - hasn't worked well on rodents
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PSYCH 3410 (18 decks)

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