Hunger, Health and Eating Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two components of feeding?
A
- Appetitive Component
- Consumatory Component
2
Q
What does the appetitive component consist of?
A
- Seeking out Food
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Choosing an Appropriate Diet
3
Q
What does the consummatory component consist of?
A
Any behaviours regarding the consumption of food
4
Q
What is seeking out food?
A
- Latency to Eat
- Approaching Food
- Handling Food
- Identification and Detection of Food
5
Q
What is Cost-Benefit Analysis?
A
Trade off with Other Behaviours (sex)
Hedonic Value (pleasure)
Prior History/Experience
Danegrs/Predators/Competitors
6
Q
What is choosing an appropriate diet?
A
-Macro/micro nutrients
- Nutritional Needs
7
Q
What is the general process of digestion?
A
Food —> Constituent Elements (basic parts)–> go through Absorption
8
Q
What are the three sources of energy and what are their precursors?
A
Lipids —> Fats
Amino Acids —> Proteins
Glucose –> Carbohydrates
9
Q
What are the three main energy storages in the body?
A
1.) Adipose Tissue (Body Fat) - most efficient energy storage
2.) Glycogen - utilized in the muscle and liver
3.) Muscle Protein - slightly less efficient
10
Q
What are the 3 main phases of energy metabolism?
A
1.) Cephalic Phase
2.) Absorption Phase
3.) Fasting Phase
11
Q
What is the Cephalic Phase?
A
Before food has even entered into your stomach, and is when the stomach responds to the mere smell, taste or though of food.
12
Q
What is the Absorptive Phase?
A
Occurs after a meal when your body is digesting the food and absorbing the nutrients
13
Q
What is the Fasting Phase?
A
The fasting phase is a period of time when you don’t eat, and your body breaks down fat for energy.
14
Q
What are all of these phases controlled by?
A
The two pancreatic hormones that are released by the Isle of Langerhans
15
Q
What are the two pancreatic hormones?
A
Insulin (a cells)
Glucagon (B cells)
16
Q
What does insulin do?
A
Lowering your blood sugar levels
17
Q
What are the two phases insulin controls?
A
Cephalic Phase and Absorptive Phase
18
Q
What are the three things insulin does?
A
Promote glucose use (cell uptake)
Energy Conversions to their Stored Forms (fat, glycogen, proteins)
Promote Storage of glycogen, fats, proteins
19
Q
What does Glucagon do?
A
Raising your blood sugar levels
20
Q
What phase is glucagon responsible for?
A
Fasting Phase
21
Q
What are the two things glucagon does?
A
Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of Adipose Tissue into free fatty acids (now the main energy source)
Fatty Acids can be converted into ketones which can be used by the brain and muscles
22
Q
What happens when you have low insulin levels?
A
High blood sugar in your blood due to glycogen and proteins being converted into glucose via glucogenesis
23
Q
What are the two theories of hunger?
A
(1) Set Point Theory
(2) Positive Incentive Perspective
24
Q
What do Set-Point Theory Involve?
A
- Set point Mechanism
- Detector Mechanism
- Effector Mechanism
25
What is Set-Point Theory?
Each person has a genetically determined weight range that their body aims to maintain
26
What does Set Point Theory always contain?
A negative feedback mechanism to ensure homeostasis
27
What are the two main set point theories?
1.) Glucostatic: shorter regulation of eating
2.) Lipostatic: long term regulation of eating
28
What is the first weakness of Set Point Theory?
Evolutionary Pressures are not considered
29
What does Evolutionary Pressures not considered mean?
- Food supply is not traditionally constant or predictable
_ Humans aim to prevent energy deficits not respond to them
30
What is the second weakness of Set Point Theory?
Major predictions are not confirmed
31
What are the Major Predictions that are not confirmed?
We do not feed ourselves sensitive to body fat and caloric status
Blood Glucose drops as anticipation of a meal and returns whether that meal is eaten or not
A fat person does not eat less than a thin person
Having a high caloric drink before a meal, does not consumption
32
What happens if you know that the drink you're taking is high in calories?
It would reduce eating
33
What is the third weakness of set point mechanism?
It does not take into consideration food preferences, taste, social factors, reward mechanism
34
What is the Positive Incentive Perspective?
People are driven to eat not by energy deficits but drawn to eat by the anticipated pleasure of eating (the foods positive value)
35
What is a Positive Incentive (hedonic) value?
Any behaviour that brings anticipated pleasure
36
What factors can affect a person's positive incentive value?
- Past experience
- Intrinsic (flavour)
- Social Context
- Time since last meal
- Blood Glucose Level
37
What are physiological motivators that can override behavioural motivators?
Not eating because your full
38
What are behavioural motivators that can override physiological motivators?
After having a full meal, you watch TV and grab popcorn
You have eaten, but you are in a group setting where everyone is ordering food
39
What are innate factors influencing what you eat?
Species-specific preferences
(i.e, you prefer sweet, sour, salty, bitter)
40
What do humans associate the categories of food with?
Sweet/Fatty: high energy
Sour: gone bad
Bitter: could be toxic
Salty: too much sodium
41
What are the two types of learned factors influencing what we eat?
Individual Learning
Social learning
42
What is Individual Learning?
The type of food you like based off of your own self-experience (conditioned preferences)
43
What is Social Learning?
Eating what other people eat
44
What has rat studies shown in regards to what we eat?
Rats and Mice prefer food that is smelt on others break (culturally defined)
45
How is this rat study translated to humans?
We eat what is "culturally accepted"
46
What type of factor is sodium?
Has a distinctive flavour that one may seek when deficit, therefore that is an innate behaviour (natural flavour to incorporate in diet)
47
What type of factor is vitamins/other minerals?
No distinctive flavour, seeking out vitamins would depend on learning from adults, "take your vitamins"
48
What happened to rats that were put on a low thiamine diet (B1) diet?
-Got sick
- Developed a strong dislike for the low thiamine duet
- Learned tp prefer a diet that Mae them recover from low thiamine diet
49
Why does sodium innate component?
Salt preference is considered to have an innate component because humans have a natural predisposition to seek out sodium due to its vital role in maintaining bodily functions, which translates to a basic liking for salty tastes, even before significant dietary experiences with salt; this preference is likely driven by evolutionary pressures to ensure adequate sodium intake for survival.
50
Why does vitamins and other minerals have a learned component?
As first you get sick, and learn that you need this vitamin as part of your diet in order to live a healthy life.
51
Why do people not eat a correct diet?
1.) Variety of foods is to complex
2.) Food industry has exploited innate preferences
- Food low in nutrients taste better
3.) Diet Culture (emphasis of weight over diet)
52
What did Pinel and Barnes find?
That mammals that tend to eat snacks each day have a continuous supply of food.
53
What did they find in laboratory rodents that eat many small meals?
That they also have two peaks of high feeding per day (lunch and dinner, etc)
54
What do humans tend to do?
Eat a few bigger meals per day
55
What happens to individuals who do eat regular meals?
Experience premeal hunger as your body knows when it is time to eat
56
What is Pre-Meal Hunger caused by?
Not an energy deficit but a conditioned response
57
What is Woods' Theory?
A meal acts as a stressor as it disrupts the bodies homeostasis (internal environment)
58
What did he say pre-meal hunger was?
Stress coping (a conditioned compensatory response)
59
What is Pre-meal Hunger preparing the body for?
Hormonal and metabolic adjustments
60
When do the physiological changes begin?
Cephalic Phase
61
What three things happens during the cephalic phase?
- Insulin Release (pancreas secretes more insulin in the anticipation of food)
- Increased Glucose consumption (cells utilize glucose more rapidly)
- Homeostasis imbalance (disrupted as it prepares for digestion and absorption
62
What is Woods Theory challenging?
That hunger is a response to energy deficits and is rather anticipatory and conditioned response.
63
What are environmental factors influencing when we eat?
- Sensory Stimuli from food (sight, smell)
- Time of Day
- Other's Behaviour
64
What are Physiological factors (physiological hunger signals) influencing when we eat?
- Glucoprivic (drop in blood glucose levels)
- Lipoprivic (drop in fat levels)
- Biological Clock
65
What is the pathway of hypoglycemia?
Low Levels of Blood Glucose ---> Glucoprivation (not enough glucose) ----> glucoprivpc hunger (eating in response to glucose deprivation)
66
What is the pathway of low lipids/fatty acids?
Lipoprivation ---> Lipoprivic Hunger (eating due to low lipid levels)
67
What are the two detectors of the physiological hunger signals?
Brain
Liver
68
What is your Brain detecting?
Glucoprivation
69
What particular area in the brain is detecting glucoprivation?
Brainstem (area postrema or nucleus of the solitary tract)
70
What's your liver detecting?
Glucoprivation and Lipoprivation
71
How is your liver detecting these physiological signals?
Through the vagus nerve
72
Vagus nerve
Connecting information from your brain and digestive system
73
What is a Factor influencing how much we eat?
Satiety
74
What is Satiety?
Motivational state that stops us from eating even when food is still present
75
What are Satiety signals?
The act of eating
Previous Experience with Food
76
What is the act of eating with regards to satiety signals?
Your sensory signals (smell, taste, texture) will provide immediate feedback to your brain regarding food intake
77
What is previous experience with food regarding satiety signals?
Past experiences with food will shape how filling a food will be
If a previous experience let to satisfaction, the brain can anticipate a previous response
78
What are short term satiety signals?
Originating from your GI tract and communicate with the brain
79
What does the short term satiety signals regulate?
Stopping a Meal
80
What does your GI tract consist of?
Stomach, Liver, Intestines
81
What are long term satiety signals?
Originating from adipose tissue and communicating with your brain regarding energy balance
82
What is your Long Term Satiety Signals regulating?
Body Weight
83
What does your Adipose Tissue release?
Leptin, Insulin
84
What is the Glucostatic Interpretation?
A hypothesis that states that your blood glucose levels play a key role in regulating your hunger/food intake
85
What does the Glucostatic Interpreation suggest?
That when you blood glucose levels drop, you become hungry
86
What has evidence shown regarding glucostatic interpretation?
Premeal Decline in Blood Glucose does not cause hunger (its actually high blood glucose levels)
87
What does evidence suggest?
That a drop in eating will trigger your blood glucose levels to drop (it is not triggering hunger but rather happens as the body is anticipating food)
88
What evidence shows that eliminating blood glucose does not stop eating?
In theory, if you prevent your blood glucose from dropping you'd never get hungry but if it is maintained, you still get hungry due to other factors involved.
89
What happens if a meal is delayed?
The blood glucose levels rise again (indicates that blood glucose levels is an anticipatory effect, rather then a direct signal for eating)
90
What is the blood glucose level in your brain?
Remains relatively constant
91
What are head factors?
Eyes, Tounge, Throat, Nose
92
What are head factors mostly learned through?
Previous experience of the act of eating
93
What are Sham feeding Studies?
Experiemnets used in appetitive research to study the role of taste, swallowing and chewing, as the food is never able to undergo absorption or digestion (never hits the stomach)
94
What gets cut off in a Sham Feeding study?
The esophagus
95
What can researchers get from these experiemnts?
How taste, chewing and oral processing contributes to hunger
96
What are the three roles of Psychological/Behaviour Factors on how much we Eat?
Serving Size: the bigger the portion the more you'd eat
Appetizer Effect: eating an appetizer increase hunger rather then decreasing hunger
Social Influences: eat more when in a large group (social facilitation)
97
What is the California Diet?
A highly processed junk food diet
98
What is Rodent Chow?
A standardized, nutritionally balanced diet used in laboratory research
99
What happened when rats were ordered both of these diets?
Rats ate up to 84% more on the California Diet
100
What is Sensory Specific Satiety?
The incentive value of a particular food decreases after consuming it and the desire for other foods with different tastes increases
101
What is an example of sensory specific satiety?
If your eating cake, it will become less desirable but eating fruit or chips will seem desirable
102
What happens with Sensory Specific Satiety?
As you eat a food, your taste buds get used to its flavor.
This makes the food less exciting and enjoyable.
In contrast, new flavors and foods can renew your appetite.
103
What will happen with postingestive consequences of eating?
It will reduce the incentive value fo all tastes eventually
104
What is an example of postingestive consequences of eating?
If you've eaten a full meal, your hunger will overall decrease and you may not be inclined to have desert
105
What has Sensory Specific Satiety caused?
Evolutionary Adaptive Value
106
What is Evolutionary Adaptive value in Regards to Sensory Specific Satiety?
1.) Varied Diet - if animals only eat one type of food they can develop nutrient deficiencies (encourages new food)
2.) Eat more in times of abundances - having many different foods can prevent early satiety (allow for increase in calories)
107
What did Cannon and Washburn do?
A study on hunger in 1912
108
What was Cannon and Washburns experiment?
1.) Washburn swallowed a balloon and a thin glass tube connected to a water filled glass U tube
2.) Cannon pumped air into the balloon.
3.) Washburns stomach contractions increased water levels in the Utubve
4.) Washburn reported a pang of hunger each time a large contraction was reported
109
What was the conclusion of Canon and Washburns experiment?
The feeling of hunger is the contractions cause by an empty stomach
110
What was the experiment with Rats and the Pyloric Cuff?
Rats had a pyloric cuff that blocked the stomachs ability to empty which lead researchers to the idea that rats wouldn't eat as much if their stomach felt full
111
What happens when the rats received an infusion of saline (adds extra volume to the stomach)?
The rats ate the same amount of food
112
What was the conclusions of this experiment?
They do not eat more due to additional volume, they regulate their food intake off of nutritional value emphasizing important of nutrition over how much is in the stomach
113
What is the study with Rats and a Transplanted stomach?
The rats had an additional stomach, but this one could not absorb nutrients, however it still felt satiety when it filled with food
114
What is Ghrelin?
Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone
115
What can Ghrelin affect?
Growth factors and metabolism
116
Where is Ghrelin produced?
In the stomach with small amounts produced in the SI, brain and pancreas
117
When does Ghrelin increase?
Increases before a meal (signalling your hungry) and decreases after a meal is eaten
118
What are the duodenum factors?
CCK (plays a critical role in digestion/appetite regulation
119
What does CCK stimulate to?
Stimulates to the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes
120
What are the Intestinal Factors?
PYY
Neurotransmitters (serotonin)
121
What is PYY?
Appetite Supressant, Interupt a meal (satiety)
Released in proportion to calories
122
What does CCK do?
Produce Bile
Release pancreatic enzymes (lipase, amylase)
Release pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon)
A stop eating signal
123
What receptors does it act on in the brain?
CCK-A and CCK-B in the brain
Decrease food intake, decrease food aversions
124
What happened when Seratonin 5-HT was administered to rodents?
- It decreased food consumption
- It decreased food attractions
- Decressed attraction to fatty acids
Similar Results in Human s
125
What do Liver factors do?
It can detect post-absorptive signals via vagus nerve
When the liver detects the nutrients in the blood, it send signals to the brain indicating sufficient nutrients have been absorbed
126
What are Portal vein Infusions?
Administrating glucose or fructose directly into the portal vein, so researchers can see how only the liver reacts to substances
127
What did they find when they infused the liver with glucose and fructose?
Reduction of Eating
128
What do Long Term Satiety Signals involve?
Adipose Tissue for body weight regulation
129
What happens when you have a higher percentage of body fat?
More leptin release
130
What does Leptin Help with?
Making you feel full
131
What are the factors that initiate eating?
Liver: lipoprivic and glucoprivic
Brain: glucodetectors
Stomach: grehlin
132
What are factors that inhibit eating?
CCK: duodenum
PPY: intestine
Stomach Volume
Leptin: Adipose Tissue
