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PSYCH 3410 > Lecture 1 - Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the historical view of the CNS development?

A
  1. Embryonic Development
  2. Postnatal (Childhood) Development

3.) Adulthood: brain plasticity, “new neural networks”

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2
Q

How does the brain maintain as a plastic organ?

A

Throughout continued interactions between genes and the environment

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3
Q

What does an egg and a sperm form during fertilization?

A

A zygote

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4
Q

After formation, what are the three things a cell needs to do?

A

1.) Differentiate (muscle cells, liver cells, glia)

2.) Migrate to the appropriate location

3.) Establish functional connections with other cells.

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5
Q

What are the 5 stages of the Embryonic Development of the Nervous System?

A

1.) Induction of the Neural Plate

2.) Neural Proliferation

3.) Migration and Aggregation

4.) Axon Growth and Synapse Formation

5.) Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement

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6
Q

What is the Trilaminar Embryonic Disc?

A

It is an embryo which exists as three different germ layers – the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm

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7
Q

What happens at the beginning of organogenesis?

A

During organogenesis, the three germ layers formed from gastrulation (the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) form the internal organs of the organism.

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8
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

The mesoderm gives rise to the skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, blood vessels, bone, cartilage, joints, connective tissue, endocrine glands, kidney cortex

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9
Q

What does the Ectoderm form?

A

The ectoderm gives rise to the skin, the brain, the spinal cord, subcortex, cortex and peripheral nerves, pineal gland, pituitary gland, kidney marrow, hair, nails, sweat glands

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10
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

The process in which a vertebrate embryo’s neural plate folds into a neural tube, which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

What is significant about the Mesoderm?

A

Induction is initiated by chemical signals from the mesoderm

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12
Q

What forms in 18 days from the ectoderm?

A

Neural Plate

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13
Q

What forms in 21 days from the ectoderm?

A

Neural Groove

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14
Q

What forms in 24 days from the ectoderm?

A

Neural Tube

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15
Q

What is the Neural Tube?

A

The neural tube is the embryonic structure that develops into the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. It forms through a process called neurulation, which involves the migration and fusion of cells in the neural plate.

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16
Q

What does the Neural Tube consist of?

A

a. Central Crest

b. Neural Crest

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17
Q

What is the Neural Crest?

A

The leftover cells that turn into the PNS

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18
Q

What are Stem Cells?

A

Immature cells that can develop into many different types of cells in the body, including blood cells, muscle cells, and brain cells.

19
Q

What are two properties of stem cells?

A
  1. Unlimited divisions without differentiation (they are able to make more cells like themselves, replicate)
  2. Potential to differentiate into different cell types
20
Q

What are the different cell types a stem cell can differentiate into?

A

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Unipotent

21
Q

What are Totipotent stem cells?

A

Capable of giving rise to any cell type or a complete embryo (can become anything)

Early embryonic cells, up to the stage of the morula

Before differentiation into 3 germ cells (mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm)

22
Q

What are Pluripotent stem cells?

A

A cell that can still become many, but not all cell types

From blastula to embryonic disk stage

3 germ cell types that can only develop into certain classes of cells
- Example: once its a mesoderm, it can’t turn into a neuron

23
Q

What happens if you remove a totipotent embryonic stem cell and move it somewhere else to develop?

A

Forms a new embryo (identical twins)

24
Q

What is a Multipotent stem cell?

A

Cells become even more specialized and can only develop into multiple cell types within a class of cells

25
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

Neurons and Glia of the CNS

26
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A
  • Neurons and Glia of the PNS
  • Epinephrine producing cells of the Adrenal Medulla
  • Some connective tissue of the head and face
27
Q

What is Neural Proliferation?

A

Neural proliferation is the process of cell division that creates billions of new cells in the brain during embryonic development

28
Q

What happens 40 days post fertilization?

A

The ectodermal tissue of the neural tube forms 3 vesicles

29
Q

What happens around 50 days?

A

It turns into 5 vesicles

30
Q

When does Neural Proliferation peak?

A

Right after closure of the neural Tube

31
Q

Where does most neural proliferation occur?

A

In the ventricular zone of the neural tube

32
Q

Where does sequence of development generally proceed?

A

Front to Back (antero-caudal)

33
Q

What is Neural Proliferation regulated by?

A

Chemical signals from the floor plate (along ventral surface) and roof plate (dorsal surface) of the neural tube

34
Q

What are two types of migration?

A

Glial-Mediated

Somal Translocation

35
Q

What are the characteristics of neuron migration?

A

Radial

Tangential

Multipolar

Guided by chemicals that either attracts or repel migrating cells

36
Q

What is Somal Translocation?

A

Somal translocation is a process in which neurons migrate to their final destination by anchoring the growth tip of their leading process to the pia and moving their cell bodies up the proces

37
Q

What is Glial Mediated Locomotion?

A

Forms a train track where neurons can follow

38
Q

What are CAMs?

A
  • On the surface of neurons and glia
  • Involved in migration, recognition and adhesion
39
Q

What is an example of CAMs?

A

Gap Junctions

40
Q

What are Gap Junctions?

A

Formed by connexions arranged in a connexon
Two adjoining connexons form a gap junction

41
Q

What is Kallman syndrome?

A

Abnormal genitals and dysfunctional sense of smell related to failed migration of neurons secreting sex hormones and coding for doors

A genetic mutation that encoded a fault CAM protein

42
Q

What is Lissencephaly?

A

Smooth brain caused by defects in the cytoskeleton that neurons need for migration

43
Q

What are Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Autism and Dyslexia a result from?

A

Disorders in Neuron Migration.

44
Q
A

PSYCH 3410 (10 decks)

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