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PSYCH 3410 > Lecture 7 - Brain Plasticity and Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Brain Plasticity and Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Tumour?

A

A mass of cells that grows independently than the rest of the body - a cancer

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2
Q

What are the three types of tumours?

A

1.) Meningiomas

2.) Infiltrating

3.) Metastatic

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3
Q

What is a Menigioma Tumour?

A

In the meninges layer - encapsulated

Accounts for 20% of neoplasms

Easily Removable

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4
Q

What is a Neuroma?

A

An encapsulated tumour growing on a nerve

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5
Q

What is an Infiltrating Tumour?

A

The majority of cases

Grow diffusely through surrounding tissue

Difficult to remove or destroy

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6
Q

What is a Metastatic Tumour?

A

Accountfs for 10% of Neoplasms

Originates elsewhere (usually lungs) and migrates to the brain

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7
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A sudden cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage

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8
Q

What is Infarct?

A

Dead or dying tissue caused by a stroke

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9
Q

What is the Penumbra?

A

Damaged tissue surround the infarct. Can be saved with early intervention

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10
Q

What is a Hemorrhage Stroke?

A

Accounts for 13% of strokes

Blood Vessel Ruptures

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11
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A weakened point in the blood vessel, that has the ability to burst

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12
Q

What is the damage caused by a cerebral hemorrhage?

A

Components in the blood break down and free radicals are formed

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13
Q

What are the free radicals formed?

A

Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which reacts with iron to produce a hydroxyl radical

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14
Q

What do free radicals do?

A

Damage lipid membranes, damage the blood brain barrier and cause DNA damage which all leads too necrosis (cell death)

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15
Q

What is the percentage for Ischemic stroke?

A

Accounts for 87% of stroke

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16
Q

What is an Ischemic stroke?

A

Disruption in blood supply (blood clot)

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17
Q

What is Thrombosis?

A

A blood clot

18
Q

What is Embolism?

A

A blood clot that developed in a larger artery and then travelled to a smaller artery

19
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

A thickened artery wall due to a fat deposit

20
Q

What can a Stent do?

A

Help open up a carotid artery but cannot do this in the brain

21
Q

What is a Stent

A

A stent is a small, expandable tube that’s inserted into a blood vessel, vein, or other body structure to keep it open. Stents are used to treat conditions like narrowed arteries, aneurysms, and blocked airways.

22
Q

Does Ischemic stroke develop immediately?

A

No - it is different in different areas of the brain

23
Q

What is the damage an Ischemic Stroke?

A

Blood-deprived Neuron become overactive and release glutamate

24
Q

What is Glutamates receptor?

A

NMDA receptors

25
Q

What does an over-production of Glutamate cause?

A

An influx in Ca2+ and Na+ which kills cells and before the cell dies, it release more glutamate

26
Q

What are treatments of Ischemic stroke?

A

1.) Thromboylsus

2.) Endovascular Therapy

3.) NMDA Antagonists

27
Q

What are closed-head injuries?

A

When the brain collides with the skull (but does not penetrate the skull)

28
Q

What are the types of closed-head injuries?

A

Direct or Contrecoup

Contusions (hematoma/bruise)

Concussions (disturbance of consciousness, no structural damage)

29
Q

What is a Direct “Coup” Injury?

A

Hitting your head directly, damage directly at the impact point

30
Q

What is a contrecoup injury?

A

A brain injury that occurs on the opposite side of the head from where the initial impact took place, happening when the force of a blow causes the brain to rebound and strike the opposite side of the skull, essentially bruising or damaging brain tissue away from the impact site

Whiplash

31
Q

What is a Contusion?

A

A subdural hematoma

32
Q

What has a subdural hematoma diplsaced?

A

The left lateral ventricle

33
Q

What can a concussion sometimes result in?

A

A lack of consciousness

34
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of a concussion?

A

Confusion, memory loss

35
Q

What are the somatic symptoms of a concussion?

A

Sensitivity to light, throwing up

36
Q

What are the affective symptoms of a concussion?

A

Cant Handle emotions

37
Q

What are the Sleep/Arousal effects of a concussion?

A

Sleepy

38
Q

What happens after repeated concussions?

A

A dose response (more concussions, more symptoms)

39
Q

What is Dementia Pugilistia?

A

“Punch Drunk Syndrome” - an old term for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive brain disease that’s caused by repeated head trauma.

40
Q

What are NFL players more prone to?

A

Alzheimers and shrinkage of grey matter

41
Q

What did multiple concussions in NFL players lead to?

A

Multiple concussions implicated in a 4 fold increase in neurodegenerative disorders in NFL players

PSYCH 3410 (10 decks)

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