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PSYCH 3410 > Development of Sexual Behaviour > Flashcards

Development of Sexual Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are Male Sexual Behaviours?

A

Intromissions

Thrusts

Ejaculations

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2
Q

What is Female Sexual Behaviour?

A

Receptive Behaviour

Proceptive Behaviour

Lordosis

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3
Q

How can they measure sexual behaviour in women and males?

A

Males = Interval between ejaculation and next mount

Females = Lordosis Quotient = lordosis /mounts

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4
Q

What did a Neonatal Gonadectomny cause?

A

Reduced successful mounts in males and lordosis in females

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5
Q

What does prenatal and perinatal testosterone (T) do?

A

Masculinate males and defeminize their mating behaviours

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6
Q

What do both T mediates masculization and defeminization require?

A

Aromatization

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7
Q

What is the critical period for T effects?

A

11 days postnatally

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8
Q

What are the three cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Developmemnt?

A

1.) Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

2.) Androgenital Syndrome

3.) Sex Reassignment due to Ablatio Penis

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9
Q

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A
  • XY
  • Normal Androgen Levels
  • Unresponsive Testosterone Levels (X -linked)
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10
Q

What is the result of Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

A
  • Internal Testes
  • External female genitalia
  • Uterus and Vagina Smaller
  • Infertile
  • Female Secondary Characteristics (No pubic hair)
  • Female Behaviour, gender identity, and orientation
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11
Q

What is Adrenogenital Syndrome?

A

Deficiency in Adrenal Cortisol Release

To compensate, it results in adrenal hyperactivity

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12
Q

What does andrenogenital syndrome cause in males ?

A

Accelerated puberty

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13
Q

What does adrenogenital syndrome cause in females?

A

Masculinization

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14
Q

What are the effects of the Masculization in XX?

A
  • Enlarged clitori, fused labia
  • Normal Ovaries
  • Delayed Menstration
  • Tomboy
  • More likely to become bisexual or homosexual
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15
Q

What is Sex Reassignment due to Ablatio Penis?

A

“The case of David”

Penis got severed off during circumcision and he was raised as a girl

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16
Q

What are the neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen?

A
  • Neurogenesis. Neuroplasticity
  • Neurotrophic Release
  • Reduce Hypoxia Induced Brain Damage
  • Reduce Trauma Induced Brain Damage
  • Reduce Inflammation

Promote Axonal Regeneration

  • Improve Cognition
  • Contribute to sex differences in the longevity of certain diseases
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17
Q

How did they determine the effects of estrogens on neurogenesis?

A

Using evidence from natural hormonal fluctuations

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18
Q

What did they find when looking at natural hormonal flunctuations?

A

Neurogenesis, dendritic spines and long term potentiation (strengthening synapses) occurs highest during high estrogen phases of the estrous cycle and right before pregnancy

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19
Q

What can the structure of dendrites do?

A

Facilitate memory

20
Q

What does evidence of exogenous hormone administration show for neurogenesis?

A

Administration of estradiol has enhanced dendritic spinning, LTP, neurogenesis, new neuron survival, synaptic proteins

21
Q

What are the effects dependent on?

A

Sex, age, type of estrogen, dosage

22
Q

What did they not observe?

A

Anti neurogenesis-plasticity effects

23
Q

What were the studies used to look at estrogen on cognition?

A

They did studies with non-hippocampal depenedence and hippocampal dependence on learning

24
Q

What did they find regarding the dose of estrogen?

A

Low level of Estrogen = enhance learning

High level of estrogen = impaired learning

25
What did they find in regards to memory and estrogen?
Estrogenhas greater effects on working memory than reference memory
26
What did they determine regarding prevention?
Estrogen can prevent age related cognition declines and can slow down cognitive decline in animal models with dementia
27
What were the behaviour paradigms tested when looking at the different estrogen receptors on cognition?
- Social learning - Social Recognition - Object Recognition - Object Placement
28
What were the Estrogens and their 3 Receptors?
1.) 17B Estradiol 2.) Estradiol Benzoate 3.) ERa agonist PPT 4.) ERB agonist DPN 5.) GPER agonist GI
29
What is 17B Estradiol?
The most common type of estrogen and the most active in humans
30
What is Estradiol Benzoate?
Used to study long term effects as it has a longer half life
31
What areas of the brain has the highest concentration o0f estrogen?
Hippocampus, Amygdala, and the Hypothalamus
32
How did they analyze the effects of estrogen on dendritic spines?
They did Golgi Staining, 40 minutes after treatment
33
What did they Analyze?
The dendritic spine length The dendritic spine density
34
What were the two areas of the CA1 hippocampus they looked at?
- Stratum Radiatum - Lacunsoum Moleculare
35
What can ERa and ERB act?
Act on genomic mechanisms as tan factors (Long term effects)
36
What happens when they act on genomic mechanisms?
ERA inhibit learning and ERB promotes learning
37
How else can ERA, ERB and other receptors act?
Through rapid non genomic mechanisms
38
What happens when they act on non genomic mechanisms?
ERA and GPER promote learning, while ERB only promotes spatial learning
39
How can Testosterone impact cognition?
1.) Enhance your learning, specifically spatial learning 2.) Enhance aggression/confrontation 3.) Enhance risk taking 4.) Enhance attention to threatening stimuli 5.) Enhance neurogenesis and neuroplasticity
40
What are most of these effects mediated through?
Estrogen mediated (aromatase)
41
What are the organizational effects (long term)?
Strong, consistent
42
Activational Effects (impermanent)?
Less consistent (learning)
43
Who participates more in risk-taking?
Males
44
What risk taking behaviours did they find in rodents?
Predator Avoidance: rodents were less anxious about predator cues Pathogen Avoidance: rodents were less avoidant of an affected female when sexually stimulated
45
What Risk Taking Behaviours did they find in males?
1.) Gambling 2.) Sexual Risk Taking 3.) Risky play in boys with a higher incidence of ER visits and hospitilzatiosn
46
What aggressive behaviour do males take part in over females?
Rough and Tumble Play Violent Crimes
47
What is Dominance related behaviour shown more?
Shown in both sexes and can sometimes even more in females

PSYCH 3410 (18 decks)

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