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Dental Tissues > Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology

A

the study of prenatal development

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2
Q

Prenatal development begins with ___ and ends with___

A

pregnancy; the birth of the child

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3
Q

The 9 months of gestation is usually divided into

A

3-month time spans or trimesters

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4
Q

Prenatal development consists of three distinct successive periods:

A
  • Preimplantation period
  • Embryonic period
  • Fetal period
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5
Q

_____period make up the first trimester of pregnancy and___ period constitutes the last two trimesters

A

Preimplantation period and embryonic; Fetal

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6
Q

Each of the structures of the face, neck, and oral cavity has a primordium. What is a Primordium?

A

the earliest indication of a tissue type or an organ during prenatal development.

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7
Q

Developmental disturbances that involve the orofacial structures as well as other parts of the body can include congenital malformations or birth defects, which are evident at birth. Most of these occur during ____period.

A

both the preimplantation period and the embryonic aka the first trimester.

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8
Q

Developmental disturbances that occur during the first trimester occurrence

A

Occurs in 3 out of 100 cases and are one of the leading causes of infant death

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9
Q

What is Amniocentesis (or amniotic fluid test [AFT])?

A

a prenatal diagnostic procedure to detect chromosomal abnormalities

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10
Q

How is an AFT performed?

A

Amniotic fluid is removed and its fetal cells are grown for microscopic study of the chromosomes as well as sampled for determination of other fetal complications

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11
Q

AFT is Usually considered in the following situations:

A
  • Older females
  • If one or both parents have a chromosomal abnormality or neural tube defect
  • When a previous child was affected
  • When the parents are carriers of inborn errors of metabolism or X-linked disorders such as hemophilia
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12
Q

As an alternative to AFT, Pregnant women now have the option of getting a new type of prenatal genetic test called

A

non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

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13
Q

What is NIPT?

A

a cell-free fetal DNA testing that involves a simple blood draw from the pregnant woman. It Does not pose any risk and Can be performed very early in the pregnancy

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14
Q

Malformations that occur during the first trimester can be due to

A

genetic factors, such as chromosome abnormalities

environmental agents and factors, called teratogens

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15
Q

Teratogens include

A

infections, drugs, and radiation

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16
Q

Women of reproductive age should avoid teratogens to

A

protect the developing infant from possible congenital malformations

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17
Q

Malformations in the face, neck, and oral cavity range

A

from a serious cleft in the face or palatal region to small deficiencies of the soft palate or developing cysts underneath an otherwise intact old mucosa

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18
Q

Orofacial congenital malformations are usually understandable and traceable to

A

a specific time in the embryologic development of the individual

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19
Q

The Preimplantation Period Takes place ___

A

during the first week after conception

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20
Q

What are the Key Events of preimplantation period?

A
  • Fertilization
  • Cleavage
  • Blastocyst formation
  • Implantation
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21
Q

What happens during fertilization of the PIP?

A

Sperm cell fuses with egg cell (ovum), creating a zygote

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22
Q

What happens during cleavage stage of the PIP?

A

Zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions, creating smaller cells called blastomeres

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23
Q

What happens during blastocyst formation stage of the PIP?

A

A fluid filled cavity (blastocoel) develops within the cell mass differentiating the cells into two distinct lineages:
* Inner cell mass (ICM): The group of cells inside the blastocyst that will eventually develop into the embryo
* Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells that will form the placenta and help with implantation

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24
Q

What happens during implantation stage of the PIP?

A

The blastocyst adheres to the uterine lining, establishing a connection with the maternal blood supply

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25
Q

Each cell normally contains how many chromosomes?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46

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26
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a visual representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes arranged in pairs according to their size and shape

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27
Q

What is the purpose of a karyotype?

A

Allows scientists to identify potential genetic abnormalities like missing or extra chromosomes, or structural changes within them

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28
Q

These chromosomes look the same in both men and women

A

Twenty-two of the 23 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes

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29
Q

These chromosomes differ between men and women

A

The twenty-third pair, the sex chromosomes

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30
Q

This picture of human chromosomes lined up in pairs, is called a

A

karyotype

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31
Q

Often used in genetic testing to diagnose conditions like Down syndrome or other chromosomal disorders

A

Karyotype

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32
Q

A karyotype displays

A

the number and structure of all chromosomes in a cell, including the sex chromosomes (X and Y)

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33
Q

XX chromosome is a

A

female

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34
Q

XY chromosome is a

A

male

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35
Q

If any disturbances occur during____, major congenital malformations result from the chromosomal abnormality in around 10% of cases

A

fertilization

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36
Q

One example of disturbance occur during fertilization is

A

Down syndrome, or trisomy 21

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37
Q

Down syndrome, or trisomy 21

A

An extra copy of chromosome number 21 is present after cell divisions

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38
Q

A syndrome is

A

a group of specific signs and symptoms. Syndromes have no cure or prevention measures because it is not a disease

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39
Q

Down syndrome presents with certain orofacial features that include:

A
  • Flat, broad face with widely spaced eyes
  • Flat-bridged nose
  • Epicanthic folds and oblique eyelid fissures
  • Furrowed lower lip
  • Tongue fissures and lingual papillae hypertrophy
  • Various levels of intellectual disability
    An arched palate and weak tongue muscles
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40
Q

An arched palate and weak tongue muscles of those with DS lead to

A

an open mouth position with protrusion of the tongue of usual size and articulated speech is often difficult

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41
Q

Clinical considerations of people with DS (teeth)

A

The eruption of teeth in persons with Down syndrome is usually delayed as long as 2 to 3 years and may occur in an unusual order

There is an extremely high rate of missing teeth in both the primary and permanent dentitions

Other irregularities, such as microdontia and malformed teeth, may be seen

The oral cavity may have undersized bone structure, microdontia and missing teeth, and you may also see severe crowding of teeth

It may also involve increased levels of periodontal disease

The roots of the teeth in patients with Down syndrome tend to be small and conical. This is an important factor when considering orthodontic tooth movement and also contributes to early tooth loss in periodontal disease

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42
Q

Implantation may occur outside the uterus. This is referred to as an

A

ectopic pregnancy

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43
Q

Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the

A

fallopian tube

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44
Q

ectopic pregnancies has several causes, but is usually associated with

A

factors that delay or prevent transport of the dividing zygote to the uterus
* Example: scarred uterine tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease

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45
Q

Embryonic Period Extends from

A

the beginning of the second week to the end of the eighth week

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46
Q

Certain physiologic processes called patterning occur during this period

A

Embryonic Period

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47
Q

Patterning

A

physiologic processes that occur during the Embryonic Period that is key to further development.

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48
Q

The physiologic processes or patterning that occurs during the Embryonic Period include

A

induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation

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49
Q

Patterning causes

A

the structure of the implanted blastocyst to become, with further development, an embryo. Also allow the teeth and associated orofacial structures as well as other organ structures to develop in the embryo

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50
Q

Induction

A

A process where one part of an embryo influences the development of another part

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51
Q

During induction, one tissue, called the___, interacts with another tissue, called the___

A

inducing tissue; responding tissue

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52
Q

The interaction of the inducing tissue with the responding tissue causes the responding tissue to

A

change how it differentiates

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53
Q

Induction is a key mechanism in

A

vertebrate development

helping to organize cells into tissues and organs
* Example: the development of the eye lens from epidermis under influence of the eye cup

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54
Q

Proliferation

A

The process of cell division and migration that occurs during the development of an embryo and fetus
* Growth that occurs can be interstitial growth or appositional growth

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55
Q

Differentiation

A

The process where a fertilized egg’s cells progressively specialize and develop into different types of cells. Differentiation transforms a single cell into a complex organism with distinct functions across the body

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56
Q

Cytodifferentiation

A

development of different cell types

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57
Q

Histodifferentiation

A

development of different tissue types within a structure

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58
Q

Morphodifferentiation

A

development of differing morphology, which makes up the structure or shape, for each organ or system

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59
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The process by which the individual cells within the developing embryo move around and organize themselves to form the structures, organs and systems that make up the adult organism

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60
Q

Maturation is the process by which the embryo

A

attains full function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

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61
Q

Maturation Begins

A

during the embryologic period and continues later during the fetal period

62
Q

An embryo is recognizable by the

A

eighth week of prenatal development, which is the end of the embryonic period

63
Q

During the ____week of prenatal development, within the embryonic period, the implanted blastocyst grows by

A

second; increased proliferation and differentiation of the embryonic cells growth and changes in cellular morphogenesis.

64
Q

During the____ week the bilaminar embryonic disc develops, what is that?

A

second; A circular plate of bilayered cells developed from the blastocyst

65
Q

The superior layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc is the

A

epiblast layer

66
Q

The epiblast later is composed of

A

columnar cells

67
Q

The inferior layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc is the

A

hypoblast layer

68
Q

The hypoblast layer is composed of

A

cuboidal cells

69
Q

The bilaminar embryonic disc is suspended in

A

the endometrium lining the uterus between two fluid-filled cavities, the amniotic cavity, which faces the epiblast layer, and the yolk sac, which faces the hypoblast layer and serves as initial nourishment for the disc

70
Q

Purpose of yolk sac

A

initial nourishment for the disc

71
Q

During the___ week the placenta and umbilical cord develop, what is The placenta?

A

second; a prenatal organ that joins the pregnant female and developing embryo, develops from the interactions of the trophoblast layer* and endometrial tissue

72
Q

The formation of the placenta and the developing umbilical circulation permit

A

selective exchange of soluble bloodborne substances between them. This includes oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as nutritional and hormonal substances

73
Q

The trophoblast layer is the

A

outer layer of cells surrounding a developing embryo within a blastocyst

74
Q

The trophoblast layer is Responsible for

A

attaching the embryo to the uterine wall

Providing nourishment to the growing fetus

Ultimately forming a large part of the placenta during pregnancy

Essentially, it acts as the “feeder” layer for the embryo by facilitating nutrient exchange between the mother and fetus

75
Q

During the____ week of prenatal development within the embryonic period, the primitive streak forms within the bilaminar embryonic disc. What is that?

A

beginning of the third; A Furrowed, rod-shaped thickening in the middle of the disc that is a vital structure in early embryo development that helps establish the body plan, form germ layers, and guide cell migration. The PS Causes the disc to have bilateral symmetry, with a right half and left half

76
Q

The primitive streak Results from

A

an increased proliferation of cells in the midline area

77
Q

During the____ week, some cells from the epiblast layer move or migrate toward the hypoblast layer only in the area of the primitive streak. These cells become

A

third; mesoderm, an embryonic connective tissue, as well as embryonic endoderm

78
Q

During the___ week, some cells from the epiblast layer move or migrate toward the hypoblast layer only in the area of the primitive streak. These cells become mesoderm, an embryonic connective tissue, as well as embryonic endoderm. Now with three layers present, the bilaminar disc has thickened into a

A

third; trilaminar embryonic disc

79
Q

During the__ week, some cells from the epiblast layer move or migrate toward the hypoblast layer only in the area of the primitive streak. These cells become mesoderm, an embryonic connective tissue, as well as embryonic endoderm. Now with three layers present, the bilaminar disc has thickened into a trilaminar embryonic disc. With the creation of the new embryonic cell layers of mesoderm and embryonic endoderm, the epiblast layer is now considered

A

third; ectoderm

80
Q

Within the trilaminar embryonic disc, each embryonic cell layer is distinct from the others and thus gives rise to specific tissue: The ectoderm gives rise to the

A

skin epidermis, the central nervous system (CNS), and other structures

81
Q

Within the trilaminar embryonic disc, each embryonic cell layer is distinct from the others and thus gives rise to specific tissue: The mesoderm gives rise to

A

connective tissue, such as skin dermis, cartilage, bone, blood, muscle, and other
associated tissue

82
Q

Within the trilaminar embryonic disc, each embryonic cell layer is distinct from the others and thus gives rise to specific tissue: The endoderm gives rise to the

A

respiratory epithelium and cells of glands.

83
Q

Mesoderm and associated tissue are found

A

in all areas of the future embryo except at certain embryonic membranes at both ends of the embryo and the pharyngeal pouches

84
Q

In the areas without mesoderm present in the developing embryo, both the ectoderm and endoderm____

A

fuse together, thereby preventing the migration of mesoderm between them

85
Q

In the___ week after the development of the embryonic tissue layers, The disc now has two ends called___

A

third; The cephalic end and the caudal end

86
Q

At the cephalic end, the _____ membrane forms.

A

Oropharyngeal

87
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane Consists of

A

only ectoderm externally and endoderm internally, without any intermediate mesoderm

88
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane is the location of

A

the future primitive mouth or stomodeum of the embryo and thus the beginning of the digestive tract

89
Q

At the caudal end, the___ membrane forms

A

cloacal

90
Q

The cloacal membrane is the location of

A

the future anus, or terminal end of the digestive tract

91
Q

During the____, the central nervous system (CNS) begins to develop in the embryo. Many steps occur during this week to form the beginnings of the spinal cord and brain

A

later part of the third week

92
Q

During the______, the central nervous system (CNS) begins to develop in the embryo. Many steps occur during this week to form the beginnings of the spinal cord and brain. First,

A

later part of the third week; a specialized group of cells differentiates from the ectoderm and is now considered neuroectoderm

93
Q

The cells of the neuroectoderm are localized to

A

The neural plate of the embryo

94
Q

neural plate of the embryo

A

A central band of cells that extends the length of the embryo from the cephalic end to the caudal end

95
Q

The neural plate undergoes further growth and thickening, which cause it to deepen and invaginate inward forming the

A

neural groove

96
Q

Near the___ week, the neural groove deepens further and is surrounded by the

A

end of the third; neural folds

97
Q

As further growth of the neuroectoderm occurs, the____ is formed during the ___week by the neural folds undergoing fusion at the most superior part

A

neural tube; fourth

98
Q

In addition, during the___ week, another specialized group of cells (in addition to the differentiated ectoderm cells localized at the neural plate) ________develop from neuroectoderm

A

third; the neural crest cells (NCCs)

99
Q

the neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate from the
____

A

crests of the neural folds and then disperse within the mesenchyme

100
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

a loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops into connective and skeletal tissues, including blood and lymph.

101
Q

Mesenchyme is involved in the development of
___

A

many face and neck structures, such as the pharyngeal or branchial arches, because they differentiate to form most of the connective tissue of the head

102
Q

The NCCs are essential in formation of

A

most oral and dental tissue except for the enamel and certain types of cementum

the development of the face and neck

103
Q

NCCs undergo differentiation into

A

diverse cell types that are, in part, specified by local environmental influences

104
Q

In future development, NCC become involved in the formation of components of the

A

nervous system, melanocyte pigment cells, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and certain dental tissue by becoming a specialized type of mesenchyme, ectomesenchyme, such as with the formation of the pulp, dentin, cementum, alveolar process, and periodontal ligament

105
Q

By the end of the___ week, the mesoderm

A

third; additionally differentiates and begins to divide on each side of the tube into 38-paired cuboidal segments of mesoderm, forming the somites

106
Q

Somites later appear as

A

distinct elevations on the surface of the sides of the embryo

107
Q

Somites Continue to develop in after week____ of prenatal development and Give rise to most of the

A

Three; skeletal structures of the head, neck, and trunk, as well as the associated muscles and dermis of the skin

108
Q

During the___ week of prenatal development within the embryonic period, the disc undergoes

A

fourth; embryonic folding

109
Q

embryonic folding

A

A process that occurs in the embryo as it changes shape from a flat disc to a cylinder
This process takes place in two planes, the horizontal plane and the median plane. Results in the development of the embryo’s axes

110
Q

Anterior-posterior axis of embryo:

A

The line that runs from the head to the tail

111
Q

Dorsal-ventral axis of embryo:

A

The line that runs from the back to the belly

112
Q

Right-left axis of embryo:

A

The line that runs between the two sides of the body

113
Q

Development of the axes occurs at the same time as

A

determination of right or left handedness

114
Q

The axes purpose

A

places forming tissue types into their proper positions for further embryonic development as well producing a somewhat tubular embryo

115
Q

anterior part of the tubular embryo is the

A

foregut

116
Q

The foregut Forms the

A

primitive pharynx or primitive throat and Includes a part of the primitive yolk sac as it becomes enclosed with folding

117
Q

The two more posterior parts of the tubular embryo

A

the midgut and hindgut, respectively

118
Q

the midgut and hindgut form the

A

rest of the mature pharynx as well as the remainder of the digestive tract

119
Q

During the___ week, _____begin to develop

A

fourth; the face and neck with the primitive eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity, and jaw areas.

120
Q

Because the beginnings of all essential external and internal structures are formed during the embryonic period, this is considered

A

the most critical period of prenatal development

121
Q

Developmental disturbances occurring during this period may give rise to major congenital malformations of the embryo

A

embryonic period

122
Q

Ectodermal dysplasia

A

Abnormal development of one or more structures from ectoderm. Ectodermal dysplasia has a hereditary etiology

123
Q

Ectodermal dysplasia Presents with:

A
  • abnormalities of the teeth, skin, hair, nails. eyes, facial structure, and glands because these are derived from ectoderm or associated tissue
  • There may be partial or complete anodontia, the absence of some or all teeth in each dentition
  • The teeth that are present for either dentition frequently have developmental disturbances
124
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome

A

Failure of migration of the neural crest cells to the facial region, TCS or mandibulofacial dysotosis develops in the embryo. Results in failure of specific areas of orofacial development

125
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome Presents with:

A
  • downward slanting eyes
  • underdeveloped zygomatic bone
  • drooping lateral lower eyelids
  • conductive hearing loss, with malformed or absent ears
  • dental developmental disturbances
  • anodontia
  • enamel dysplasia
  • micrognathia (small lower jaw)
126
Q

The rubella virus is a prime example of an___ because it is A virus that can cause birth defects when contracted by a pregnant woman

A

infective teratogen

127
Q

Rubella Leads to potential complications like ____ in the developing fetus, collectively known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

A

cataracts, heart defects, and deafness

128
Q

The bacterial spirochete Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) is a prime example of an___

A

Infective teratogen

129
Q

Orally, Syphilis Produces defects in the

A

incisors (Hutchinson incisor) and molars (mulberry molar)

130
Q

Syphilis Can cause ___ if not treated

A

blindness, deafness, and possible paralysis

131
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

A lifelong condition that caused by a pregnant woman drinking alcohol (especially excessively), during pregnancy (during the embryonic period particularly). Alcohol passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus

132
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome presents with

A

noted orofacial features and various levels intellectual disability
* Abnormal facial features such as a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip
* Small head size
* Delayed language and hearing
* Poor impulse control
* Low body weight
* Poor coordination
* Vision or hearing problems

133
Q

Direct exposure to high levels of radiation can act as an____ during the embryonic period

A

environmental teratogen

134
Q

Radiation may injure embryonic cells, resulting in

A

cell death, chromosome injury, and delay of intellectual and physical growth

135
Q

The severity of embryonic damage from radiation is associated with

A

the absorbed dose, the dose rate, and the state of embryonic or fetal development at the time of exposure

136
Q

Congenital abnormalities caused by radiation have not been directly linked to a diagnostic level of radiation, such as

A

that used in the dental setting

137
Q

Scattered radiation from a radiographic examination of the oral cavity administers

A

a dose of only a few millirads to a pregnant woman, which is not known to be teratogenic to an embryo

138
Q

The ADA recommends the use of _____ for pregnant dental staff who work with radiographic equipment

A

dosimeters and work practice controls

139
Q

Studies of pregnant patients receiving dental care have affirmed the safety of dental treatment including the administration of radiographs when using the protective controls
However, Radiation exposure should be avoided during pregnancy unless

A

an emergency situation requires it

140
Q

the correct dosage and timing of radiographs as well as protective precautions should be used with

A

all patients at all times as well as with the administering dental professionals

141
Q

Spina Bifida

A

The neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord, doesn’t close properly during pregnancy. Failure of fusion of the neural tube results in neural tube defects of the tissue overlying the spinal cord, such as the meninges, vertebral arches, muscles, and skin
One type of neural tube defect is spina bifida, characterized by defects in the vertebral arches and various degrees of disability

142
Q

____can also have an important role as teratogens in causing neural tube defects

A

Nutritional and environmental factors

143
Q

____supplements are recommended during pregnancy to help prevent spina bifida as well as cleft lip and cleft palate

A

Folic acid

144
Q

The fetal period of prenatal development follows the

A

embryonic period

145
Q

The fetal period encompasses

A

the beginning of the ninth week or third month continuing to the ninth month

146
Q

During the fetal period,___ of existing structures occurs as the embryo is enlarging to become a fetus

A

The maturation

147
Q

The fetal period involves

A

not only the physiologic process of maturation of the individual tissue types and organs but also further proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis, as discussed before with the development of the embryo. Developmental changes with the fetus are not as dramatic as those that occur during the embryonic period

148
Q

Changes in this period of development are important because they allow the newly formed tissue types and organs to function

A

Fetal period

149
Q

Systemic tetracycline antibiotic therapy of the pregnant woman can act as a____ during the fetal period

A

teratogenic drug

150
Q

Systemic tetracycline antibiotic therapy of the pregnant woman can result in

A

tetracycline stain with the child’s primary teeth that are developing at that time

151
Q

tetracycline stain Presents as

A

Intrinsic yellow to yellow-brown discoloration within the teeth. Can occur in slight, moderate, or severe degrees as the antibiotic becomes chemically bound to the dentin for the life of the tooth. This stain is easily visible because of the transparency of overlying enamel. Permanent teeth may also be affected, similarly to the primary teeth, if the drug is given to a child during their development

Dental Tissues (15 decks)

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