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Dental Tissues > Face and Neck Development > Flashcards

Face and Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q

The face and its associated tissue begin to form during the ___ of prenatal development

A

fourth week within the embryonic period

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2
Q

Facial development will be completed in the

A

twelfth week within the fetal period

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3
Q

During the ____ week when the face and associated tissues are forming, the rapidly growing brain of the embryo

A

fourth through the 12th; bulges over the oropharyngeal membrane and developing heart

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4
Q

The area of the future face is squeezed between

A

the developing brain and heart with the formation of the three embryonic layers and resultant embryonic folding

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5
Q

____embryonic layers are involved in facial development

A

the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm ( All three)

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6
Q

Facial development includes formation of:

A
  • the primitive mouth
  • mandibular arch
  • maxillary process
  • frontonasal process
  • nose
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7
Q

Facial development depends on the five major facial processes (or prominences) that form during the fourth week and surround the primitive mouth of the embryo:

A
  • one frontonasal process
  • paired maxillary processes
  • paired mandibular processes
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8
Q

The development of the associated oral structures is occurring at the same time as

A

facial development

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9
Q

Most of the facial structures develop by the fusion of

A

swellings (tissues) on the same surface of the embryo

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10
Q

Most of the facial structures develop by the fusion of swellings (tissues) on the same surface of the embryo. ___ is initially located between these adjacent swellings

A

A cleft (or furrow)

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11
Q

In some cases,____ maybe left on the facial surface, showing where the fusion of the swellings took place.

A

a slight groove or line

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12
Q

with most facial fusion, these furrows left from fusion of swellings on the same surface or the embryo are usually eliminated as the

A

underlying mesenchyme migrates into the furrow making the embryonic facial surface smooth

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13
Q

fusion of swellings (tissues) on the same surface of the embryo process differs from that of the neural tube, upper lip, and palatal fusion, which is the

A

fusion of two separate structures from two different surfaces

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14
Q

Upper lip and palatal fusion involves the fusion of

A

swellings or tissue from different surfaces of the embryo, such as that which occurs with the fusion of the neural tube

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15
Q

At the beginning of the__ week, the primitive mouth has become the

A

fourth; stomodeum

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16
Q

The stomodeum initially appeared as a

A

shallow depression in the embryonic surface ectoderm at the cephalic end before the fourth week

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17
Q

Initially, The stomodeum is limited in depth by

A

the oropharyngeal membrane (which developed during the third week)

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18
Q

The oropharyngeal membrane also separates the stomedeum from the

A

primitive pharynx

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19
Q

The primitive pharynx is the____ of the foregut which is the____ of the future digestive tract

A

cranial part; beginning

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20
Q

In the___ week, the oropharyngeal membrane

A

latter part of the fourth; disintegrates. With this disintegration, the primitive mouth is increased in depth and enlarges in width across the surface of the midface

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21
Q

Within the_____ week, two bulges of tissue appear inferior to the primitive mouth:

A

fourth; the two mandibular processes

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22
Q

the two mandibular processes consist of

A

a core of mesenchyme formed in part by NCCs that migrated to the facial region.

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23
Q

the two mandibular processes Is Covered ___

A

externally by ectoderm and internally by
endoderm

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24
Q

The paired mandibular processes fuse at the midline to form

A

The mandioular arch

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25
Q

The mandibular arch then extends as a band of tissue inferior to the stomodeum and between the developing brain and heart.____ indicates where the mandible is formed by fusion of right and left mandibular processes.

A

The mandibular symphysis

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26
Q

In future development, the developing mandibular arch directly gives rise to

A

the lower face, including the lower lip The mandibular arch will also give rise to the mandibular teeth and associated tissue

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27
Q

During the__ week, the frontonasal processes forms as a

A

fourth; bulge of tissue at the most cephalic end of the embryo

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28
Q

In future development, the frontonasal process gives rise to the upper face, which includes:

A
  • The forehead
  • Bridge of the nose
  • Primary palate
  • Nasal septum
  • All structures associated with the medial nasal processes
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29
Q

Placodes

A

rounded areas of specialized thickened ectoderm found at the location of developing special sense organs

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30
Q

The facial area of the embryo has two lens placodes, which are initially located on

A

each side of the frontonasal process

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31
Q

The facial area of the embryo has two lens placodes, which are initially located on each side of the frontonasal process. Later in development, these lens placodes

A

migrate medially from their lateral positions and form the future eyes and associated tissue

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32
Q

Two otic placodes are even more laterally and posteriorly placed and form pits that create

A

the future internal ear and the associated tissue

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33
Q

The Two otic placodes appear to rise to their mature position as a result of

A

their relative growth

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34
Q

Two nasal placodes form in the

A

anterior part of the frontonasal process just superior to the stomodeum during the
fourth week

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35
Q

There are also orally placed dental placodes from which the ___ are produced

A

tooth germs

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36
Q

During the____ week, the tissue around the nasal placodes on the frontonasal process undergoes growth. This starts the development of the

A

fourth; nasal region and the nose

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37
Q

During the___ week, the tissue around the nasal placodes on the frontonasal process undergoes growth. This starts the development of the nasal region and the nose. The placodes become submerged, forming a depression in the center of each placode called the

A

fourth; nasal pits (or olfactory pits)

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38
Q

Deepening of the nasal pits during growth of the nasal placodes produces a

A

nasal sac that grows internally toward the developing brain

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39
Q

The middle part of the tissue growing around the nasal placodes appears as

A

two crescent-shaped swellings located between the nasal pits - the medial nasal processes

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40
Q

The paired medial nasal processes fuse internally during week ___and grow inferiorly on the inside of the stomodeum, forming the

A

Five; intermaxillary segment (or premaxillary segment) by the end of the seventh week of prenatal

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41
Q

On the outer part of the nasal pits are two other crescent-shaped swellings, (lateral)

A

the lateral nasal processes

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42
Q

The lateral nasal processes form the

A

alae of the nose

43
Q

The fusion of___ forms the nares

A

the lateral nasal, maxillary, and medial nasal processes

44
Q

During the___ week, the upper lip is formed when

A

sixth; each maxillary process fuses with each medial nasal process on both sides of the stomodeum

45
Q

Fusion of the maxillary processes to form the upper lip is similar to the fusion of

A

the neural tube and palate. It takes place between two processes on different surfaces on each side of the face

46
Q

Fusion of the maxillary processes is completed
___

A

during the end of the seventh week of prenatal development

47
Q

The maxillary processes on each side of the developing face partially fuse with the mandibular arch on each side to create

A

each labial commissure, with the mandibular arch already forming the lower lip

48
Q

In upper lip formation, Maxillary processes contribute to the____ and the two medial nasal processes contribute to

A

sides of the upper lip; the midline philtrum

49
Q

Failure of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process can result in

A

cleft lip, with varying degrees of disfigurement and disability in the upper lip

50
Q

Two main types of cleft lip deformities:

A
  • Unilateral cleft
  • Bilateral cleft
51
Q

Cleft lip occurs in about ___cases

A

1 in 1000 (about 1%)

52
Q

Cleft lip May be isolated or associated with other developmental abnormalities, such as

A

cleft palate

53
Q

cleft lip is More common and more severe in

A

men

54
Q

Cleft lip is More commonly

A

unilateral and on the left side

55
Q

Cleft lip Can complicate

A

nursing and feeding of the child as well as appearance and it may increase oronasal infection levels

56
Q

Cleft lip treatment

A

It is treated by oral and plastic surgery, with dental intervention; however, speech and hearing therapy may also be needed

57
Q

The development of the neck parallels

A

the development of the face

58
Q

The development of the neck Begins during

A

the fourth week of prenatal development within the embryonic period and Completed during the fetal period

59
Q

The neck and its associated tissue develop from the

A

primitive pharynx and the branchial (or pharyngeal) apparatus

60
Q

The endoderm of the pharynx lines

A

the internal parts of the branchial (or pharyngeal) arches and passes into balloon-like areas of the pharyngeal pouches

61
Q

The endoderm of the pharynx does not line

A

the oral cavity proper or nasal cavity

62
Q

The oral cavity proper and nasal cavity are both lined by

A

ectoderm as a result of embryonic folding

63
Q

The foregut is originally derived from the ____ embryonic cell layer

A

endoderm

64
Q

The primitive pharynx widens ____and narrows
___

A

cranially where it joins the primitive mouth or later, the stomodeum; caudally as it joins the esophagus

65
Q

The caudal part of the primitive pharynx forms

A

the esophagus which leads to the stomach

66
Q

A ventral outgrowth of the primitive pharynx forms the

A

laryngopharynx, larynx, and trachea and ends in the superior part of the developing lungs. The developing thyroid gland is also an anterior outpouching or evagination from the ventral wall of the pharynx

67
Q

Branchial Apparatus:

A

Also called the pharyngeal apparatus. Consists of the arches, grooves and membranes, as well as pouches

68
Q

During the___ week of prenatal development, stacked bilateral swellings of tissue appear inferior to the stomodeum
And include the mandibular arch. These are the

A

fourth; pharyngeal or branchial arches

69
Q

The mandibular arch is the first pharyngeal arch and The others are numbered in

A

craniocaudal sequence

70
Q

The pharyngeal or branchial arches consist of

A

six pairs of U-shaped bars of which the central core consists of mesenchyme derived from mesoderm invaded by NCCs, now referred to as ectomesenchyme. Mesenchyme condenses to form a bar of cartilage in each

71
Q

The pharyngeal or branchial arches are located

A

bilaterally

72
Q

The pharyngeal or branchial arches are Oriented in an

A

anterior-posterior direction on the embryo, bending to surround and support the lateral walls of the developing pharynx

73
Q

The fifth branchial arch or pharyngeal arch is

A

often absent or it is included within the fourth branchial arch or pharyngeal arch

74
Q

Each paired pharyngeal or branchial arch has its own

A

developing cartilage, nerve, vascular, and muscular components

75
Q

The first two pairs of arches develop

A

to the greatest extent of all the arches and
are also the only ones specifically named

76
Q

The first branchial arch or pharyngeal arch, which is also known as the mandibular arch and its associated tissue includes___ cartilage

A

Meckel

77
Q

Meckel cartilage

A

a hyaline cartilage that forms in the lower jaw of vertebrate embryos; plays a key role in the development of the jaw and middle ear

78
Q

Forming within the second branchial arch or pharyngeal arch, which is also known as the___, is ______

A

hyoid arch; cartilage similar to that of the mandibular arch, Reichert cartilage

79
Q

Reichert cartilage

A

a cartilaginous structure in the second pharyngeal arch of an embryo that develops into several parts of the head and neck like the Styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horns of hyoid bone, stapes, facial canal

80
Q

The third branchial arch or pharyngeal arch has an unnamed cartilage associated with it
This cartilage will be responsible for the

A

formation of parts of the hyoid bone

81
Q

Both the fourth branchial arch or pharyngeal arch and the sixth branchial arch or pharyngeal arch also have unnamed cartilage associated with them. These arches

A

fuse and participate in the formation of most of the laryngeal cartilages.

82
Q

The mesoderm of the 3rd,4th and 6th pharyngeal arches is associated with the muscles of the

A

larynx and pharynx

83
Q

Pharyngeal arches are innervated by the

A

ninth and tenth cranial nerves

84
Q

Each pharyngeal or branchial arch is associated with a particular cranial nerve:For the first arch it is the

A

trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve

85
Q

Each pharyngeal or branchial arch is associated with a particular cranial nerve: For the second arch it is the

A

facial or seventh cranial nerve

86
Q

Each pharyngeal or branchial arch is associated with a particular cranial nerve: For the third arch it is the

A

glossopharyngeal or ninth cranial nerve

87
Q

Each pharyngeal or branchial arch is associated with a particular cranial nerve: For the fourth and sixth arches it is the

A

vagus or tenth cranial nerve.

88
Q

the oral cavity and the anterior two-thirds of the tongue formed from the first pharyngeal arch come to be supplied by the ___nerves

A

trigeminal

89
Q

The maxillary nerve of the trigeminal supplies the structures formed ________the more caudal regions are supplied by the__

A

in association with the maxillary process such as the nasal cavity and palate; mandibular nerve of the trigeminal , the nerves of the mandibular processes

90
Q

The posterior one-third of the tongue and oropharynx receive their nerve supply from the

A

glossopharyngeal nerves

91
Q

the interior of the larynx with the laryngopharynx are supplied by the

A

vagus nerves

92
Q

Between neighboring pharyngeal arches,___ are noted on each side of the embryo

A

external grooves. These are the pharyngeal grooves or branchial grooves

93
Q

Only the first groove, located between the first and second arches at approximately the same level as the first pharyngeal pouches, gives rise to a

A

definitive mature structure of the head and neck. The first groove forms the external auditory meatus

94
Q

Only the first groove, located between the first and second arches at approximately the same level as the first pharyngeal pouches, gives rise to a definitive mature structure of the head and neck. The first groove forms the external auditory meatus. At the same time, four well-defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches develop as

A

endodermal evaginations from the lateral walls lining the pharynx

95
Q

The pharyngeal pouches develop as

A

balloon-like structures in a craniocaudal sequence between the arches

96
Q

The first pharyngeal pouches form between

A

the first and second branchial or pharyngeal arches

97
Q

The first pharyngeal pouches become the

A

auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes

98
Q

The palatine tonsils are derived from the

A

lining of the second pharyngeal pouches and also from the pharyngeal walls

99
Q

The parathyroid glands and thymus gland are derived from the

A

lining of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches

100
Q

The face and neck of a human embryo develop between

A

the third and eighth weeks of gestation

101
Q

The face and neck of a human embryo develop between the third and eighth weeks of gestation, with the following key events occurring at different stages:

A

Week 4: The primordia of the face appear, and the pharyngeal apparatus, which includes the pharyngeal arches, grooves, and pouches, first appears

Week 5: The first pharyngeal arches split into the maxillary and mandibular prominences

Week 6: The face is fully developed, and the palate begins to develop

Week 10: The fetus’s face takes on a more human profile

Week 12: The baby’s fingernails form, and the palate development is completed, separating the nasal and oral cavities

102
Q

The face develops from the fusion of five mesenchymal swellings:

A

the frontonasal prominence, two maxillary processes, and two mandibular processes

103
Q

Failure of these prominences to fuse can result in facial abnormalities

A

the frontonasal prominence, two maxillary processes, and two mandibular processes

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