Nervous System Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Located within the sensory root is the
A
trigeminal ganglion
2
Q
The largest sensory ganglion in the nervous system
A
Trigeminal ganglion
3
Q
The Trigeminal ganglion contains various
A
peptides and neurotransmitters
4
Q
Involved in sensory transmission, particularly nociception
A
Trigeminal ganglion
5
Q
Nociception
A
the detection of painful stimuli (pain)
6
Q
Sensory root of trigeminal nerve divides into what 3 segments anterior to the trigeminal ganglion?
A
Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
7
Q
All three segments of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve pass into the skull through
A
different fissures or foramina in the sphenoid bone
8
Q
Ophthalmic nerve passes into the skull through the
A
superior orbital fissure
9
Q
Maxillary nerve passes into the skull through the
A
foramen rotundum
10
Q
Mandibular nerve passes into the skull through the
A
foramen ovale
11
Q
The mandibular nerve of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve travels and functions with the
A
motor root of the trigeminal nerve
12
Q
Ophthalmic nerve provides sensation to the
A
upper face and scalp
13
Q
Maxillary nerve provides sensation to the
A
mid face
14
Q
Mandibular nerve provides sensation to the
A
lower face
15
Q
Motor root of the trigeminal nerve controls
A
muscles of mastication and muscles in the floor of the mouth
16
Q
Ophthalmic nerve divides into what three branches?
A
Frontal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Lacrimal nerve
17
Q
Frontal nerve provides sensation to the
A
forehead and anterior scalp
18
Q
Nasociliary nerve provides sensation to the
A
eyelids and sides of the nose
19
Q
Lacrimal nerve provides sensation to the
A
upper eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands
20
Q
The ophthalmic nerve Also contains parasympathetic fibers responsible for
A
production of lacrimal fluid
21
Q
What is Shingles (herpes zoster)?
A
Unilateral painful vesicles and/or ulcers which follow the pathway of the involved nerve
22
Q
_______ is most commonly affected by shingles
A
The facial area served by the ophthalmic nerve (or ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, V1)
23
Q
Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by
A
acute infection with VZV (varicella zoster virus)
24
Q
Shingles (herpes zoster) is caused by
A
reactivation of dormant VZV in tissue of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
25
Reactivation of VZV causing shingles may be associated with
immunodeficiency
26
If involving the eyes, shingles can cause
blindness
27
If involving the skin, shingles may result in
neuralgia (painful area
28
Vaccines for VZV can prevent both
chickenpox and shingles
29
Treatment of shingles is
supportive: possibly antivirals such as acyclovir
30
Maxillary nerve divides into several branches, including:
• Infraorbital nerve
• Zygomatic nerve
• Anterior superior alveolar nerve
• Middle superior alveolar nerve
• Posterior superior alveolar nerve
• Greater palatine nerve
• Lesser palatine nerve
• Nasopalatine nerves
31
All of the branches of the maxillary nerve begin at the
pterygopalatine ganglion, located within the pterygopalatine fossa
32
All of the branches of the maxillary nerve begin at the
pterygopalatine ganglion, located within the pterygopalatine fossa
33
The zygomatic nerve Provides sensation to the
skin of the cheek
skin of the temporal region
34
The infraorbital nerve passes through the
infraorbital foramen of the maxilla
35
The infraorbital nerve Provides sensation to the
skin of the cheek, the upper lip, the lateral aspect of the nose, and the ipsilateral upper teeth
36
The infraorbital foramen of the maxilla is a landmark for the
infraorbital block
37
An infraorbital block Anesthetizes
the infraorbital nerve as well as both the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves
38
The infraorbital nerve travels posteriorly along the ________ and the Anterior superior alveolar nerve branches from the ____
infraorbital canal, infraorbital nerve
39
The Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve Provides sensation to the
maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines
labial periodontium and gingiva associated with these teeth
40
The ASA nerve runs through the ____ in the teeth, exits the pulp chamber through the
pulp; apical foramina
41
The ASA nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
superior dental plexus
42
A network of nerves in the upper iaw that supplies sensation to the upper teeth, gums, and surrounding tissues
superior dental plexus
43
superior dental plexus is Made up of what three nerves?
• anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASA),
• middle superior alveolar nerve (MSA), and
• posterior superior alveolar nerve
(PSA).
44
The superior dental plexus nerves descend from the ______and then anastomose to form the plexus
maxillary nerve and infraorbital nerve
45
The ASA nerve can be anesthetized by:
• Infraorbital block - Anesthetizes the infraorbital nerve as well as both the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves
• Anterior and middle superior alveolar block -
A palatal injection that anesthetizes the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves
46
The ASA nerve can be involved in _____ to the contralateral side in a patient
crossover innervation
47
Crossover innervation
the overlap of terminal nerve fibers from the contralateral side of the dental arch
48
The middle superior alveolar nerve provides sensation to the
maxillary premolar teeth and the MB root of the maxillary first molar
buccal periodontium and gingiva associated with these teeth
49
The MSA nerve runs through the ____ in the teeth, exits the pulp chamber through
pulp; the apical foramina
50
The MSA nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
superior dental plexus
51
The middle superior alveolar nerve can be anesthetized by:
• Infraorbital block - Anesthetizes the infraorbital nerve as well as both the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves
• Anterior and middle superior alveolar block -
A palatal injection that anesthetizes the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves
52
The MSA nerve is not always present but present in approximately ____ of the population
28%
53
The MSA nerve is not always present but present in approximately ____ of the population
28%
54
If MSA nerve is not present, the area is innervated by both the
ASA and posterior superior alveolar nerves, but mainly by the ASA nerve
55
If present, there is also communication between the MSA nerve and
both the ASA nerve and posterior superior alveolar nerve
56
Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve provides sensation to the
mucous membranes of the maxillary sinus
Provides sensation to the maxillary molars
Provides sensation to buccal periodontium and gingiva associated with these teeth
57
The PSA nerve runs through the___ in the teeth, exits the pulp chamber through the
pulp; apical foramina
58
The PSA nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
superior dental plexus
59
The PSA nerve can be anesthetized by:
Posterior superior alveolar block -
Anesthetizes the posterior superior alveolar nerve
60
Greater palatine nerve Provides sensation to the
posterior hard palate and associated palatal periodontium and gingiva of the ipsilateral maxillary posterior teeth
61
Greater palatine nerve Passes through the
greater palatine foramen
62
Lesser palatine nerve Provides sensation to the
soft palate and palatine tonsils
63
Lesser palatine nerve Passes through the
lesser palatine foramen
64
The GP nerve can be anesthetized by:
* Greater palatine block - Anesthetizes the greater palatine nerve
* Anterior and middle superior alveolar block -
A palatal injection that anesthetizes the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves as well as the GP nerve
65
Nasopalatine Nerve Provides sensation to the
anterior hard palate and associated palatal periodontium and gingiva of the ipsilateral maxillary anterior teeth
Provides sensation to the nasal septum
66
Nasopalatine Nerve Passes through the
sphenopalatine foramen and then the incisive foramen
67
The NP nerve can be anesthetized by:
* Nasopalatine block - Anesthetizes the nasopalatine nerve
* Anterior and middle superior alveolar block -
A palatal injection that anesthetizes the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves, GP nerve, and NP nerve
68
Mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve has a main trunk that further divides into what two branches?
* In the main trunk (before the split), the branches are:
* Meningeal branches (Afferent)
* Medial ptergoid nerve (Efferent)
69
What are the two divisions of the mandibular nerve after the split?
Anterior and posterior división
70
What nerves make up the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?
* Masseteric nerve (Efferent)
* Deep temporal nerves (Efferent)
* Buccal nerve (Afferent)
* Lateral ptergoid nerve (Efferent)
71
What nerves make up the Posterior division of the mandibular nerve?
* Auriculotemporal nerve (Afferent)
* Lingual nerve (Afferent)
* Inferior alveolar nerve (Efferent and afferent)
72
Buccal nerve is an ___ nerve
Afferent
73
Buccal nerve Provides sensation to the
skin of the cheek, buccal mucosa
periodontium and gingiva associated with the mandibular molars
74
This nerve must not be confused with the buccal branch of the facial nerve
The buccal nerve of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve
75
The buccal nerve (long buccal nerve) can be anesthetized by:
* Buccal block
* Gow-Gates mandibular block - An injection at the neck of the condyle that anesthetizes almost the entire mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
76
The deep temporal nerves Arise from the
motor root of the trimgeminal nerve
77
The deep temporal nerves are____ nerves
Efferent
78
How many deep temporal nerves are there?
Usually 2 in number
79
The deep temporal nerves Provides innervation to the
temporalis muscle
80
Masseteric Nerve Arises from the
motor root of the trigeminal nerve
81
The masseteric nerve is an___ nerve
Efferent but has a small sensory branch
82
Masseteric nerve Provides innervation to the
masseter muscle
83
A small sensory branch of this nerve goes to the temporomandibular joint
Masseteric nerve
84
Lateral Pterygoid Nerve Arises from the
motor root of the trimgeminal nerve
85
The lateral pterygoid nerve is an_____ nerve
Efferent
86
The lateral pterygoid nerve Provides innervation to the
lateral pterygoid muscle
87
Auriculotemporal Nerve is an ____nerve
Afferent
88
Auriculotemporal nerve Provides sensation to
the external ear, scalp, and temporomandibular joint
89
Lingual Nerve is an ___nerve
Afferent
90
Lingual Nerve Provides sensation to the
associated lingual periodontium and gingiva of the mandibular teeth, body of the tongue and floor of the mouth
91
The lingual nerve Contains parasympathetic fibers for the
sublingual and submandibular glands
92
The lingual nerve can be anesthetized by:
* Inferior alveolar block
93
Current thought has implicated most of the paresthesia of the mandible after local anesthesia administration with trauma to the
lingual nerve
94
Inferior Alveolar Nerve is an ____nerve
Afferent
95
Inferior alveolar nerve Passes through the
mandibular foramen
96
The inferior alveolar nerve Travels within the
mandibular canal
97
The inferior alveolar nerve Provides sensation to the
mandibular teeth and associated facial periodontium and gingiva of the mandibular anterior teeth and premolars
Provides sensation to the labial mucosa through its incisive and mental branches
98
The inferior alveolar nerve Has what three significant branches?
* Mental nerve
* Incisive nerve
* Mylohyoid nerve
99
The lA nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
inferior dental plexus
100
Inferior Dental Plexus
A network of nerves in the lower jaw that supplies sensation to the lower teeth, gums, and surrounding tissues
101
The inferior dental plexus is Made up of what three nerves?
* Inferior alveolar nerve (IA)
* Mental nerve
* Incisive nerve
102
These plexus of nerves descend from branches of the mandibular nerve
Inferior dental plexus
103
The lA nerve can be anesthetized by:
Inferior alveolar block
104
Mental Nerve is an ____nerve
Afferent
105
The mental nerve Exits the mandible
through the mental foramen
106
The mental nerve Provides sensation to the
chin, lower lip, labial mucosa
Provides sensation to the associated periodontium and gingiva of the mandibular anterior teeth and premolars
107
The mental nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
Inferior dental plexus
108
The mental nerve can be anesthetized by:
Mental block
109
Incisive Nerve is an ___nerve
Afferent
110
Incisive nerve Travels within the
Anterior continuation of the mandibular canal
111
The incisive nerve Provides sensation to
mandibular anterior teeth and premolars
associated periodontium and gingiva of the mandibular anterior teeth and premolars
112
The incisive nerve is one of three nerves that make up the
inferior dental plexus
113
The incisive nerve can be anesthetized by:
Incisive block
114
Has the same landmark as the mental block, which is the opening of the mental foramen but is Technique sensitive, as it requires pressure to direct the anesthetic inside the mental foramen
Incisive block
115
When preforming an incisive block what should be considered?
Crossover innervation should be considered
116
Mylohyoid Nerve is an___ nerve
Efferent
117
Mylohyoid Nerve Provides motor innervation to the
mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric muscle
118
AKA tic douloureux
Trigeminal Neuralgia
119
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Chronic pain condition that Causes sudden, intense Electrifying, stabbing, sharp, or shooting facial pain lasting for seconds or minutes occuring multiple times per day
120
Cause of Trigeminal Neuralgia
* No known cause
121
Trigeminal Neuralgia Affects
right side more often than left side
122
Trigeminal Neuralgia Involves the
afferent components of the fifth cranial or trigeminal nerve and Usually involves the maxillary or mandibular nerve branches but not the ophthalmic branch
123
Facial Nerves are_____ nerves.
Efferent and afferent
124
The Efferent nerves of the facial nerves control
the muscles of facial expression and posterior suprahyoid muscles
125
The efferent nerves of the facial nerves Also provides parasympathetic innervation to the
lacrimal gland, submandibular salivary gland, and sublingual salivary gland
126
The Afferent nerves of the facial nerve - serves
a tiny patch of skin behind the ear, and taste sensation with the taste buds of certain lingual papillae from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
127
The facial nerve Leaves the cranial cavity by passing through the ___ and exits the skill thru the
internal acoustic meatus; stylomastoid foramen
128
Facial Nerve Branches into what three segments?
* Facial nerve (Main trunk)
* Chorda tympani
* Greater petrosal nerve
129
Greater Petrosal Nerve branches from the facial nerve when?
before the facial nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen
130
The greater petrosal nerve is an ___ nerve
Efferent nerve but carries afferent fibers
131
The greater petrosal efferent nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to
most of the face's glands, including the lacrimal, nasopharyngeal, and palatine mucosal glands
132
The greater petrosal nerve Carries afferent fibers for
general sensation from the nasal mucosa, and taste in the palate
133
Chorda tympani nerve branches from the facial nerve when?
before the facial nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen
134
Chorda tympani nerve is an ____nerve
Efferent nerve but carries afferent fibers
135
The efferent nerves of the chorda tympani nerve Supplies parasympathetic innervation to
the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
136
The chorda tympani nerve Carries afferent fibers for
taste for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
137
The chorda tympani exits the skull by the
petrotympanic fissure, located posterior to the TMJ
138
chorda tympani nerve travels with the
lingual nerve along the floor of the mouth
139
The Posterior Auricular, Stylohyoid, &
Posterior Digastric Nerves Branches from the facial nerve when?
after the facial nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen
140
The posterior auricular, stylohyoid, and posterior digastric are ___ nerves
Efferent
141
Posterior auricular nerve supplies the
occipital belly of the epicranial muscle, & some small muscles that move the auricle
142
Stylohyoid nerve supplies the
stylohyoid muscle
143
Posterior digastric nerve supplies the
posterior belly of the digastric muscle
144
Additional efferent nerve branches of the facial nerve originate within the parotid salivary gland and pass to the muscles they innervate. There are what five simple branches?
* Temporal branches
* Zygomatic branches
* Buccal branches
* Mandibular branches
* Cervical branches
145
Typically The temporal branches supply___
* Muscles anterior to the ear
* Frontal belly of the epicranial muscle
* Superior part of the orbicularis oculi muscle
* Corrugator supercilii muscle
146
Typically, The zygomatic branches supply:
* Inferior part of the orbicularis oculi muscle
* Zygomaticus major and minor muscles
147
Typically, The buccal branches supply:
* Muscles of the upper lip
* Nose
* Buccinator
* Risorius
* Orbicularis oris muscles
148
The zygomatic and buccal branches are usually
closely associated, exchanging many fibers
149
Typically, The mandibular branch supplies:
* Muscles of the lower lip
* Mentalis muscle
150
The cervical branch runs inferior to the mandible to supply:
Platysma muscle
151
Bell's Palsy Involves
unilateral facial paralysis
152
Bell's Palsy Has no known cause, except
that there is a loss of excitability of the involved facial nerve
