Posterior Teeth Identification Flashcards
What is a fossa?
A shallow depression
Three types of fossas found on some posterior teeth
Circular fossa
Triangular fossa
Irregular fossa
What is a circular fossa?
A rounded depression
What is a triangular fossa?
A v-shaped depression
What is an irregular fossa?
A depression without a definite shape
What is a ridge on a tooth?
A linear elevation, named by its location or direction
What type of ridge may you find on a posterior tooth?
Marginal ridge
Oblique ridge
Transverse ridge
Triangular ridge
What is a marginal ridge in posterior teeth?
a ridge around the perimeter of the occlusal surface
What is an oblique ridge?
a ridge that diagonally crosses the occlusal surface
What is a transverse ridge?
a ridge that crosses the occlusal surface from buccal to lingual
What is a triangular ridge?
a ridge that slants from the cusp tip toward a groove and forms a triangular slope
What is a groove?
A linear depression
Each posterior tooth has a _____unique to that tooth
primary groove pattern
What is a pit?
A pinpoint depression
What is a furcation?
the area on a root where it separates (forks or splits)
What is a bifurcation?
where a root divides into 2
What is a trifurcation?
where a root divides into 3
What are pulp horns?
portion of the pulp chamber that is elevated toward a cusp
What are pulp canals?
portion of the pulp located in the roots) of the tooth
Crown of each of these tooth has an occlusal surface
Posterior teeth
Occlusal surface of posterior teeth are bordered by
raised marginal ridges located on both mesial and distal surfaces
Occlusal surface of posterior teeth have how many cusps?
2 or more cusps
Posterior teeth have____ on the occlusal surface that mark the junction among developmental lobes
developmental grooves
branch from the developmental grooves
These grooves are not always present in the same pattern on the occlusal of each different tooth type
Supplemental grooves
What is the buccal height of contour for posterior permanent teeth?
Cervical third
What is the lingual height of contour for posterior teeth?
Middle third
the area where crowns of adjacent teeth in the same arch physically touch each other
The area of resistance when flossing between two teeth
Contact area
Posterior teeth have a____ contact area than anterior teeth
wider
Posterior teeth have a____ contact area than anterior teeth
wider
Contact area of posterior teeth is located to the
buccal of center
From a proximal (side) view, the curvature of the CEJ of posterior teeth is less or more pronounced than that of anterior teeth?
Less pronounced
There are how many posterior teeth in a primary dentition?
20
How many premolars are in a permanent dentition?
8
How many first premolars are in a permanent dentition?
4
How many second premolars are in a permanent dentition?
4
What are the two types of premolars?
1st and 2nd
How many molars are in a permanent dentition?
12
What are the three types of molars?
First second and third
How many first molars are in a permanent dentition?
4
How many second molars are in a permanent dentition?
4
How many third molars are in a permanent dentition?
4
The 8 most anteriorly placed posterior teeth in the permanent dentition
Premolars
How many first premolar and second premolars are present in each quadrant?
One of each
Permanent premolars are succedaneous; because they
replace the primary molars
These teeth assist the canines in tearing food, as well as assisting the molars with grinding food
Premolars
These teeth assist the canines in tearing food, as well as assisting the molars with grinding food
Premolars
These teeth in addition to the anterior teeth also help maintain the vertical dimension of the face, support the facial muscles (especially the muscles in the corners of the mouth)
Premolars
Premolars may all have what types of structures?
• cusps
• marginal ridges
• triangular ridges
• developmental grooves
• occlusal pits
Premolars have a shorter or longer crown than anterior teeth?
Shorter
Premolar buccal surface is ______ and has a prominent, centrally located _____.
Rounded; buccal ridge
Most premolars have how many roots?
Most of them have one except for the maxillary first premolars which have two
All premolars have:
Proximal root concavities
How many maxillary premolars are there?
4 maxillary premolars
What are the two types of maxillary premolars?
1st and 2nd premolars
How many premolars are in each quadrant?
2; one first premolar and one second premolar
Do the maxillary first premolars resemble each other?
Yes
A maxillary first premolar is larger or smaller than a maxillary second premolar?
Larger
Which erupt earlier? The mandibular premolars or the maxillary premolars?
Maxillary premolars
The crown of a maxillary premolar is _______from cervical to occlusal than the maxillary canine, but are ____ than the maxillary molars.
Shorter; longer
The maxillary premolars crown is ______over the root.
Centered
Do the crowns of the maxillary premolars show lingual inclination?
No
Both maxillary premolars have two cusps of almost ______size.
Equal
Roots of maxillary premolars have slight ___________inclination
Lingual and distal inclination
What are the universal teeth numbers for the maxillary first premolars?
5 and 12
What is the eruption date for the maxillary first premolars?
10-11 years old
When is the first evidence of calcification for maxillary first premolars?
1.5 years old
When is crown completion for maxillary first premolars?
5-6 years old
When is root completion for maxillary first premolars?
12-13 years old
Maxillary first premolars develop from how many developmental lobes?
4
Roots of maxillary first premolar are____, dividing into two roots (buccal and lingual) that are only seen from the proximal view
bifurcated
How many cusps do maxillary 1st premolars have? Where are the cusps?
Two cusps - one buccal, one lingual
How many roots do maxillary first premolars have?
Two roots - one buccal, one lingual
How many pulp canals do the roots of the maxillary premolars have?
Two pulp canals. One in each root
The maxillary premolars resemble canines but length wise they are ____
Shorter
From the proximal view, near the occlusal mesial marginal ridge, the maxillary first premolars will have a groove called ___
Mesial marginal groove
From the CEJ to the furcation, the maxillary first premolars will have a
Mesial root depression
Do maxillary first premolars have distal marginal ridges or a depression at the cervical portion of the crown?
No. Only the mesial proximal side has a marginal groove and a depression from the CEJ to the furcation
The two cusps of the maxillary first premolars are ___ defined
sharply
The buccal cusp of a maxillary first premolar is usually about how much higher than the lingual cusp?
1 mm
What shape are the maxillary first premolar crowns?
The crown has an angular shape with sharp outlines
_______is widest mesiodistally of all the premolars
Crown of maxillary first premolar
Maxillary first premolar crown is wide at______, becoming narrower at the______ (similar to the maxillary canine)
the level of the contact areas; CEJ
On the buccal surface of maxillary first premolars, there is a ________that is centrally located.
Prominent buccal ridge
The buccal cusp for maxillary first premolars is sharp and ___
Pointed
What is the shape of the maxillary first premolar mesially?
Concave from cervix to contact area ( middle third)
What is the mesial contact area for a maxillary first premolar?
Middle third
What does the mesial cusp slope look like for a maxillary first premolar?
Straighter and longer than the distal
The only tooth in the permanent dentition that has a buccal cusp with the mesial cusp slope longer than the distal cusp slope, which helps to distinguish the right from the left
Maxillary first premolar
From the buccal view, only the ____root is visible in a maxillary first premolar.
Buccal
Do maxillary first premolars have imbrication lines and perikymata?
Yes
Where are the imbrication lines and perikymata on a maxillary first premolar?
Imbrication lines and perikymata present at the cervical third
From a lingual view of maxillary first premolar, are both cusp visible?
Yes
The lingual cusp of a maxillary first premolar is ______ than buccal cusp, and not as sharp
Shorter, smoother and more narrow
From a proximal view, are both cusps of a maxillary first premolar visible?
Yes
From the proximal view, are both roots of maxillary first premolar visible?
Yes
For the maxillary first premolars, the cusps are in line with the
Roots
From a buccal view of maxillary first premolar, are both cusp visible?
No. Only buccal cusp is visible
For a maxillary first premolar, if viewed from the proximal surface, the bifurcated roots are ____, then from there _____.
Straight until the apical third; towards each other
If viewed from proximal surface, The maxillary first premolars roots bifurcate for ___
one-half of its length with a deep mesial interradicular groove
If view from proximal surface, the CEJ of the maxillary first premolars have a deeper curve on the
mesial
If viewed from the occlusal surface, the maxillary first premolars shape of the crown is
Hexagonal
From the occlusal surface, are the buccal and lingual cusps and surfaces of the maxillary first premolar visible?
Yes
Why can we see the buccal and lingual surfaces on the occlusal view of a maxillary first premolar?
The cusps curve inwards
From an occlusal view, we can see that the buccal cusp of maxillary first premolars are centered between ____
Mesial and distal side
When viewed from the occlusal surface, is the lingual cusp ridge of buccal cusp (buccal triangular ridge) present on a maxillary first premolar?
Yes
When the maxillary first premolar is viewed from the occlusal surface, we can see that the lingual cusp is offset to the ____
mesial
When the maxillary first premolar is viewed from the occlusal surface, we can see that the____shaped fossae are present mesially and distally
Triangular
When viewed from the occlusal surface, do the maxillary first premolars have supplemental grooves?
Yes. They have several.
When the maxillary first premolar is viewed from the occlusal surface, it is common to find a ___ where two grooves converge
Pit
When the maxillary first premolar is viewed from the occlusal surface, it is common to find a ___ where two grooves converge
Pits
When the maxillary first premolar is viewed from the occlusal surface, it is common for it to have ______pits.
Mesial and distal
What are the teeth numbers for the maxillary second premolars in the Universal Numbering System?
4 and 13
What is the Eruption date for Maxillary second premolars?
10-12 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification in maxillary second premolars?
2 years old
When is Crown completion in maxillary second premolars?
6-7 years old
When is root completion in maxillary second premolars?
12-14 years old
Maxillary first premolars are the succedaneous replacements for the
primary 1st molars
Maxillary second premolars are succedaneous replacements for
Primary 2nd molars
Maxillary second premolars develop from how many developmental lobes?
4
Maxillary second premolars have how many cusps?
2
Each maxillary second premolar has 2 cusps. What type of cusps are they?
Buccal and lingual cusps
How many roots does a maxillary second premolar have?
One with either one or two pulp canals
In maxillary second premolars, the mesial slope is ___than the distal slope.
Shorter
What is the length of the cusps of maxillary second premolars to each other?
Both cusps are about the same length (lingual is slightly shorter, but not as significantly as the lingual cusp of the max. first premolar)
Do maxillary second premolar crowns have mesial marginal grooves and depressions on CEJ when viewed from proximal?
No. No mesial marginal grooves and no concavity in crown at CEJ. However sometimes from occlusal view, there might be a mesial marginal groove BUT it rarely extends onto the mesial surface
In maxillary second premolars, when viewed from proximal, a shallow ____ is evident on the mesial surface.
Depression
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars, Buccal cusp is_______ as that of a maxillary first premolar
neither as long nor as sharp
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars, Buccal cusp is_______ as that of a maxillary first premolar
neither as long nor as sharp
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars, locater centerally is a
Prominent buccal ridge
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars’ mesial side shape is
concave from cervix to contact area
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars contact area is
Middle third
When viewed from the buccal view, the maxillary second premolars cusp slopes mesially and distally are
Distal cusp slope is longer than the mesial cusp slope
When viewed from a lingual view, are the maxillary second premolars cusps both visible?
Yes but more difficult to see the buccal cusp due to lingual cusp not being as short as that of a maxillary first premolar
When viewing the lingual cusp from the lingual surface of a maxillary second premolar, we would see that the cusp is
Smooth and almost the same height as the buccal cusp.
In maxillary first and second premolars on the lingual surface, are both distal and mesial surfaces visible?
Yes
Like the maxillary first premolar, the maxillary second premolar when viewed from the lingual and occlusal surfaces’ the lingual cusp is _____ displaced
Slightly Mesially
From the proximal view, are the two cusps on the maxillary second premolars visible?
Yes
For maxillary second premolars, does the distal view show grooves and depressions on distal crown
No
When viewed proximally, the maxillary second premolar CEJ has a slightly deeper curve on the
mesial
When viewed from the occlusal view, the shape of a maxillary second premolar crown is slightly more ______ than that of a maxillary first premolar.
Rounded
When viewed from the occlusal view, the shape of a maxillary second premolar crown is slightly more rounded than that of a maxillary first premolar. Its is also slightly ____ which is more difficult to see than on a maxillary 1st premolar.
Hexagonal
When viewed from the occlusal view, the buccal cusp of a maxillary second premolar crown is ______ and the lingual cusp is_____.
Centered between mesial and distal side
Offset to the mesial
When viewed from the occlusal view, the buccal cusp of a maxillary second premolar crown is ______ and the lingual cusp is_____.
Centered between mesial and distal side
Offset to the mesial
The maxillary second premolars have more or less supplemental grooves than maxillary first premolars.
More supplemental grooves
On maxillary second premolars, when viewed from occlusal, it is common to find ___where two or more grooves converge
Mesial and distal pits
On maxillary second premolars, when viewed from occlusal, it is common to find ___where two or more grooves converge
Mesial and distal pits
How many mandibular premolars are there?
4 mandibular premolars
What are the two types of mandibular premolars?
1st and 2nd premolars
How many mandibular premolars are in each quad?
- 1 of each type.
Mandibular premolars have how many cusps?
Two. But mandibular second premolars can have three 55% of the time
What are the two types of cusps that two cusped mandibular second premolars have?
Buccal and lingual
Mandibular premolars typically have how many roots?
One
Do mandibular premolars resemble each other?
No
Mandibular first premolar is typically smaller or larger than mandibular second premolar?
Smaller
Mandibular first premolar is typically smaller or larger than mandibular second premolar?
Smaller
The buccal outline of the crown on all mandibular premolars shows a strong _____when viewed from the proximal
lingual inclination
Mesial and distal contact areas of mandibular premolars are
on nearly the same level. Both have a contact area at middle third
For mandibular premolars, similar CEJ curvatures are found on
Both premolars
Mandibular premolars have a much larger or small buccal cusp than lingual cusp?
Larger
The roots of mandibular premolars have _____inclination
Slightly distal
Why are the roots of mandibular canines only have distal inclination and not lingual and distal inclination like the maxillary canines?
For the purpose of occlusion, the maxillary arch must cover or hang over mandibular arch
What are the teeth numbers for the mandibular first premolars?
21 and 28
What is the eruption date for the mandibular first premolars?
10-12 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification for mandibular first premolars?
1.25-2 years old
When is crown completion for mandibular first premolars?
5-6 years old
When is Root completion for mandibular first premolars?
12-13 years old
Permanent mandibular first premolars replace the
Primary first molars
Permanent mandibular second premolars replace
Primary 2nd molars
Mandibular first premolars develop from how many developmental lobes?
4 developmental lobes
Mandibular first premolars resemble a mandibular canine in some ways but its size for one is ___ overall than a canine
Smaller
Mandibular first premolars have how many roots?
Usually one but sometimes tends to bifurcate at the apex
Mandibular first premolars have how many cusps?
Two
What type of cusps do mandibular first premolars have?
Buccal and lingual cusps
The buccal cusp of mandibular first premolars is
Long and sharp
How many cusps of the mandibular first premolar are functional?
One
Which cusps of the mandibular first premolars are functional in occlusion?
The buccal cusp is the only functional cusp in occlusion for this tooth
The lingual cusp of mandibular first premolars are
usually small and nonfunctioning
Mandibular first premolar roots are _____ than mandibular second premolar roots
Smaller and shorter
The buccal aspect of root of mandibular first premolars is more
Rounded/conical
The lingual aspect of root of mandibular first premolar is more wide or tapered?
Tapered
On the lingual non functioning cusp on the mandibular first premolar towards the mesial marginal ridge, you will find
A mesiolingual groove
On mandibular first premolars, you may find this on the distal root surface.
A deep groove
At the buccal view, mandibular first premolars have this centrally located structure
A prominent buccal ridge
The buccal cusp shape of mandibular first premolars from a buccal view is
Pointed
The buccal cusp shape of mandibular first premolars from a buccal view is
Pointed
The cervix of a mandibular first premolar is
Narrow
From the buccal view, we can see that a mandibular first premolar sometimes curves
Distally
From the buccal view, we can see that a mandibular first premolar sometimes curves
Distally
From the buccal view, what is the shape of the mesial side of a mandibular first premolar?
Concave from cervix to the contact area
From the buccal view, what is the shape of the mesial side of a mandibular first premolar?
Concave from cervix to the contact area
From a buccal view, Where is the contact area for mandibular first premolars?
Middle third
From a buccal view, what is the shape of the distal side of a mandibular first premolar?
Concave from the cervix to contact area
From a buccal view, what is the shape of the distal side of a mandibular first premolar?
Concave from the cervix to contact area
The mandibular first premolar mesial cusp slope is ____ than the distal cusp slope
shorter
Where is the contact area on the distal side of mandibular first premolars?
Middle third
Where is the contact area on the distal side of mandibular first premolars?
Middle third
On the buccal view of mandibular first premolars, the distal cusp slope is____ than the mesial cusp slope
longer
From a lingual view, the lingual surface of mandibular first premolar is much___ than the buccal, with crown tapering to the____
narrower; lingual
From a lingual view of a mandibular first premolar, can the mesial and distal surfaces can be seen from this view?
Yes
From a lingual view of a mandibular first premolar, can the mesial and distal surfaces can be seen from this view?
Yes
The mandibular first premolar has a short lingual cusp that is ___the height of the crown.
2/3
From a lingual view on the mandibular first premolar, the _____delineates the lingual cusp
Mesiolingual groove
From a lingual view on the mandibular first premolar, the _____delineates the lingual cusp
Mesiolingual groove
From a proximal view of the mandibular first premolars, are both cusps visible?
Yes
From a proximal view, the buccal cusp of a mandibular first premolar is centered over
The root
From a proximal view, the buccal cusp of a mandibular first premolar is centered over
The root
From the proximal view of a mandibular first premolar, is the occlusal surface visible?
Yes
From the proximal view of a mandibular first premolar, is the occlusal surface visible?
Yes
From the proximal view of a mandibular first premolar, is the occlusal surface visible?
Yes
From a proximal view of mandibular first premolars, the mesiolingual groove interrupts
The mesiomarginal ridge with deep developmental groove (mesial view)
From a proximal view of mandibular first premolar, there is a _____in cervical line from mesial aspect
slight curve
From a proximal view, mandibular first premolars have___ root with a ____ at the apical third
broad; deep developmental groove
From a proximal view, the cervical line on the distal of mandibular first premolars is
Straight
From a proximal view, the mandibular first premolars have a concavity near the _____from the distal aspect
Cervical line of the crown
From the occlusal view: is a mandibular first premolar’s buccal surface visible?
Yes
From the occlusal view: is a mandibular first premolar’s buccal surface visible?
Yes
On the occlusal surface, mandibular first premolars have two irregular ___
Fossae
What two irregular fossae are present on the occlusal surface of mandibular first premolars?
Mesial and distal fossae
What two irregular fossae are present on the occlusal surface of mandibular first premolars?
Mesial and distal fossae
On the occlusal surface of mandibular first premolars, there is a ____ that runs from the labial to the lingual surface on the occlusal surface
Prominent Transverse ridge
From the occlusal, the crown outline of the mandibular first premolars is
Diamond shaped with a notch on the mesial outline at the mesiolingual groove
What are the teeth numbers for the mandibular second premolars in the universal numbering system?
20 and 29
What is the eruption date for mandibular 2nd pre-molars ?
11-12 years old
When is first evidence of calcification for mandibular second premolars?
2.5 years old
When is crown completion for mandibular 2nd pre-molars?
6-7 years old
When is root completion for mandibular 2nd pre-molars?
13-14 years old
The mandibular 2nd pre-molars replace the
primary second molars
The mandibular second premolar is composed of how many developmental lobes?
4
How many roots does a mandibular 2nd pre-molar have ?
One
How many pulp canals does a mandibular 2nd pre-molar have?
One pulp canal
A mandibular second premolar root is ______than the root of a mandibular first pre-molar.
larger and longer
What are the two forms of mandibular 2nd pre-molars?
3 cusps mandibular second premolars and 2 cusps mandibular second premolar
A three cusped mandibular 2nd pre-molar occurs____ of the time.
55%
A two cusps mandibular second premolar occurs ____of the time
45%
What are the names of the three cusps for a three cusped mandibular second premolar?
Buccal cusp
Mesiolingual cusp
Distolingual cusp
What are the names of the two cusps for a two cusped mandibular second premolar?
Buccal and lingual cusps
The buccal cusp of a mandibular second premolar is _____ but shorter than mandibular first premolar.
Long and sharp
The two types of mandibular second premolars differ mainly in their______ but other surface features are similar to each other.
occlusal features
Do mandibular 2nd pre-molars have pronounced proximal root concavities?
Yes
From the buckle view, a mandibular second premolar resembles mandibular first premolar, but instead is
slightly shorter and broader.
Mandibular second pre-molars have a____ buccal cusp then a mandibular first premolar.
shorter
The slopes of the buccal cusp of the mandibular 2nd pre-molar are more
rounded
From the buccal view, a mandibular second premolar contact areas are in the ____of the tooth
Middle third
The contact areas of the mandibular second premolars are slightly more____ than the mandibular first pre-molar
occlusal
Mandibular second premolar from the buccal view the roots tends to curve
distally
From the lingual view mandibular 2nd pre-molars lingual cusps are_____ than the mandibular first premolar
longer
From the lingual view of a three cusped mandibular second premolar, the mesial lingual cusp is _______than the distal lingual cusp
longer and wider
From the lingual view of the mandibular second premolars, there is a developmental groove that separates the mesial lingual and distal lingual cusp. This groove is _____to the midline of the tooth.
distal
From the lingual view of a mandibular second premolar with two cusps, the single lingual cusp has how many developmental grooves?
None
From the proximal view, are the mandibular 2nd pre-molars cusps both visible?
Yes
From the proximal view of a mandibular 2nd pre-molar the buccal cusp is______ than a mandibular first pre-molar.
shorter and more buccal (not as lingual)
From the proximal view of a mandibular 2nd pre-molar there is a deep distal root depression in the
middle third of the root.
From the proximal view of a mandibular 2nd pre-molar there is a deep distal root depression in the ___of the root.
middle third
From proximal view of a mandibular 2nd pre-molar is there a mesial depression in the root?
No
From proximal view of the mandibular 2nd pre-molars there is a slight curve in the_____ from mesial aspect
cervical line
From a proximal view of the mandibular 2nd pre-molars the cervical line on the distal aspect is
straight
From the proximal view of the mandibular second premolars, you can typically see more of the occlusal surface from the
distal proximal view.
From an occlusal view of a mandibular second premolar in both two cusp and three cusped types, the buccal cusp is____ to each other
similar
From the occlusal view of a mandibular second premolar three cusped type these cusps are separated by two
developmental grooves
What are the two types of developmental grooves in three cusp type mandibular second premolars when looking at the occlusal view?
V-shaped central groove and linear lingual groove
The V-shaped, central groove and linear lingual groove of a three cusp type mandibular second premolar together form a distinctive____ shaped groove pattern
Y
A____ is located at the junction of the central groove and lingual groove in three cusp type mandibular 2nd pre-molars when viewed from the occlusal view
distal to center pit
When comparing the two cusp and three cusp type mandibular second pre-molars on both types the buccal cusp is____.
similar
On the occlusal view of a mandibular 2nd pre-molar with two cusps, there is a____ groove.
central
The central grooves on a two cusp type mandibular second premolar can have what two patterns?
U shaped and H shaped
From the occlusal view of mandibular second premolars, there could be___ at the ends of the central groove
Mesial and distal pits
Mandibular second premolars are commonly involved in what type of congenital condition?
Partial anodontia
Permanent molars are the most____ placed teeth in the permanent dentition
posteriorly
Permanent molars are distal or mesial to the premolars
Distal
Permanent molars are the Largest or smallest teeth in the dentition.
Largest
How many molars in each quad?
3 molars in each quadrant
How many types of molars?
3 types of molars
What are the three types of molars?
- First molars (“6 year molars”)
- Second molars (“12 year molars”)
- Third molars (“wisdom teeth”)
What is the principal function of the molars?
grinding
Permanent molars are succedaneous or nonsuccedaneous?
nonsuccedaneous
Permanent molars are succedaneous or nonsuccedaneous?
nonsuccedaneous
Why are molars non succedaneous?
They do not replace any primary teeth
Molars have___ occlusal surfaces with___ cusps.
wide; prominent
Molars support ____and assist canines and premolars with maintaining
The soft tissue of the cheek, especially the facial muscles; vertical dimension of the face
__are the largest molars overall
First molars
Second and third molars are progressively smaller or larger?
Smaller
Each molar’s buccal surface has a prominent cervical ridge in the ___ running mesiodistally.
cervical third of the tooth
Molars have an occlusal surface with usually how many cusps?
3 or more cusps
2 of molar cusps on buccal side are
buccal cusps
Occlusal surface of molars are bordered by
cusp ridges and marginal ridges
Grooves and pits on molars are located on
the occlusal surfaces, Lingual surfaces of some maxillary molars, Buccal surfaces of some mandibular molars
Molars are multirooted or single rooted?
Multirooted
Maxillary molars usually have how many roots?
three roots (trifurcated)
Mandibular molars usually have how many roots?
two roots (bifurcated)
___are overall the largest and strongest teeth of the maxillary arch
Permanent Maxillary molars
___are overall the largest and strongest teeth of the maxillary arch
Permanent Maxillary molars
___are overall the largest and strongest teeth of the maxillary arch
Permanent Maxillary molars
Maxillary molars are____ buccolingually than mesiodistally
wider
Maxillary molars are___ in shape from an occlusal view, and____ in shape from a proximal view
rhomboidal; trapezoidal
Crowns of maxillary molars are centered over the ____, with___inclination
root; no lingual
Crowns of maxillary molars are centered over the ____, with___inclination
root; no lingual
Maxillary molars usually have___ major cusps.
4
What ridge is a feature unique to maxillary molars (except for maxillary third molars) ?
An oblique ridge
What ridge is a feature unique to maxillary molars (except for maxillary third molars) ?
An oblique ridge
Maxillary molars usually have___ roots.
3; trifurcated
Maxillary molars roots converge as you move
posteriorly
What are the tooth numbers for the maxillary first molars in the Universal Numbering System?
3 and 14
When is the Eruption Date for maxillary first molars?
6-7 years old
When is the Eruption Date for maxillary first molars?
6-7 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification of maxillary first molars?
Birth
When is crown completion for maxillary first molars?
2.5-3 years old
When is crown completion for maxillary first molars?
2.5-3 years old
When is Root completion for maxillary first molars?
9-10 years old
Maxillary first molars can sometimes erupt___ the mandibular central incisors
before
Maxillary first molars erupt___ to the maxillary second premolars
distal
How are maxillary first molars nonsuccedaneous?
They do not replace any primary teeth
Maxillary first molars are composed of___developmental lobes.
5
What is the largest tooth in the maxillary arch?
Maxillary first molars
Which tooth has the largest crown in the permanent dentition?
Maxillary first molars
Which tooth has the largest crown in the permanent dentition?
Maxillary first molars
Least variable crown form for all maxillary molars
Maxillary first molars
From an occlusal view, maxillary first molars are ___in shape
rhomboidal
How many functional cusps do maxillary first molars have?
4 functional cusps
What are the 4 functional cusps of the maxillary first molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
What are the 4 functional cusps of the maxillary first molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
Some Maxillary first molars have 1 supplemental cusp on the mesial lingual surface called a
Cusp of Carabelli.
Some Maxillary first molars have 1 supplemental cusp on the mesial lingual surface called a
Cusp of Carabelli.
A maxillary first molar has how many roots?
3 roots
What are the names of the three roots of the maxillary first molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Palatal
Maxillary first molars typically have 3 roots with how many canals?
4 root canals
Which of the maxillary first molar roots have 2 pulp canals?
MB root has 2 canals
Sometimes maxillary first molars will have 4 roots. This will be seen__ of the time. (What percentage)
0.05%
Do the roots of maxillary first molars diverge or merge?
Diverge
Is the palatal root of maxillary first molars long or short?
Long
MB roots of maxillary first molars typically curves in a____ direction.
distal
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars are___ in shape.
Trapezoidal
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars mesiobuccal cusp is typically____ than distobuccal cusp.
wider
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars Distobuccal cusp tip is usually_____ than mesiobuccal cusp tip
sharper
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars Buccal surface is divided by a________.
buccal groove
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars buccal groove extends about____and terminates in ____
halfway down the crown of the tooth from the occlusal; shallow depression (may or may not have a buccal pit where it ends)
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars mesial contact area is at the
junction of the occlusal and middle third
From the buccal view, maxillary first molars distal contact area is in the
middle third of the tooth
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars are_____ in shape.
trapezoidal
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars lingual aspect is more___ than the buccal aspect.
rounded
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars Mesiolingual cusp is the_____ cup of this tooth
largest
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars Distolingual cusp is______ than mesiolingual cusp.
sharper
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars ______divides the ML and DL cusps (commonly ends in a lingual pit).
Lingual groove
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars is the palatal root is visible?
Yes
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars have a _____ present running vertically down the palatal root.
Depression
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars 5th nonfunctional cusp arises on the_____ .
lingual surface of the ML cusp
From the lingual view, maxillary first molars have a 5th nonfunctional cusp on the lingual surface of the ML cusp called the
Cusp of Carabelli
A Supplemental, nonfunctioning cusp on the lingual surface of the ML cusp of many maxillary first molars
Cusp of carabelli
This nonfunctional cusp makes the maxillary first molar extremely identifiable
Cusp of carabelli
This nonfunctional supplemental cusp makes the maxillary first molar extremely identifiable
Cusp of carabelli
This cusp is present in 87.5% of maxillary first molars
Cusp of carabelli
This cusp of maxillary first molars differentiates and distinguishes populations and variable in presentation
Cusp of carabelli
From the proximal mesial view of the maxillary first molars, are the MB and ML cusps visible from this view?
Yes
From the proximal view of the maxillary first molars, mesial marginal groove is visible separating the ___cusps
MB AND ML
From the proximal distal view of the maxillary first molars, are the DB and DL cusps visible from this view?
Yes
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars are___ in shape.
Rhomboidal
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars mesial marginal ridge is___ and ____than the distal marginal ridge
longer; more prominent
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars, both marginal ridges are crossed by a ___
mesial marginal groove and distal marginal groove, respectively
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars there is a prominent___ ridge that crosses the occlusal surface diagonally.
oblique
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars, there is an oblique ridge formed by a
ridge extending from the distobuccal cusp and mesiolingual cusp
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars have the_____ distolingual lobe of the maxillary molars.
Largest
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars_______ separates the large distolingual cusp/lobe
distolingual groove
From the occlusal view, the maxillary first molars mesial cusp tips are visible from this view, as distal cusps tend to be___
shorter
The 3 roots of maxillary first molars are located ____
under the most prominent cusps
The 3 roots of maxillary first molars are located under which prominent cusps?
MB, ML, DB
When you connect the cusps of MB, ML and DB of the maxillary first premolars, they form a
triangle
Primary cusp triangle is a characteristic triangle found on
all maxillary molars
Maxillary first molars have the _____ distolingual lobe of the maxillary molars
Largest
From the occlusal view, the Distolingual groove of the maxillary first molars separates
the large distolingual cusp/lobe
From occlusal view of a maxillary first molar are the mesial cusp tips visible?
Yes
What are the tooth numbers for maxillary second molars in the Universal Numbering System?
2 & 15
What is the Eruption Date for maxillary second molars?
12-13 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification in maxillary second molars?
2.5-3 years old
When is Crown completion in maxillary second molars?
7-8 years old
When is Root completion in maxillary second molars?
14-16 years old
Maxillary second molars are the___ upper tooth from the back.
2nd
Maxillary second molars erupt mesial or distal to the maxillary first molars?
Distal
Are maxillary second molars succedaneous or nonsuccedaneous?
Nonsuccedaneous, they do not replace any primary teeth.
Maxillary second molars are compsed of how many developmental lobes?
4
There is much variation observed for Maxillary second molars , especially in the size of
the DL cusp
How many cusps do maxillary second molars have?
4 cusps
What are the four cusps of maxillary second molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
Is it true that maxillary second molars can sometimes only have 3 cusps?
Yes
How many roots and canals do maxillary second molars have?
3 roots, 3 canals
What are the name of the roots of maxillary second molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Palatal
Are the roots of maxillary second molars more or less divergent than a maxillary first molar?
Less divergent
Is it true that fusion of roots is more common in maxillary second molars than maxillary first molars?
Yes
Is it true that fusion of roots is more common in maxillary second molars than maxillary first molars?
Yes
From the buccal view, maxillary second molars are ____in shape.
Trapezoidal
The crown of a maxillary second molars is shorter or longer, wider or narrower mesiodistally than maxillary first molar?
Shorter and narrower
The Buccal groove of maxillary second molars are located more___ in comparison to maxillary first molar.
distal
Mesial and distal contact areas for maxillary second molars are in the
middle third of the tooth
From the Lingual View, Maxillary Second Molars, are___ in shape.
Trapezoidal
From the Lingual View, Maxillary Second Molars distolingual cusp is____ and____ than the DL cusp of a maxillary first molar
smaller; shorter
Sometimes in the maxillary second molar the distolingual cusp is not present. Is this true?
Yes
From the Lingual View, Maxillary Second Molars Mesiolingual cusp is the____ cusp of this tooth.
largest
From the Lingual View, Maxillary Second Molars, the Lingual groove is usually present and divides the___ cusps.
ML and DL
From the Lingual View of Maxillary Second Molars, is the Palatal root visible?
Yes
From the proximal mesial view of maxillary second molars,____ cusps visible from this view.
MB and ML
From the proximal Distal View of the maxillary second molars, are the DB and DL cusps visible from this view?
Yes
From the proximal Distal View of the maxillary second molars, the DB and DL cusps are ____ making more of the occlusal surface visible from a distal view.
Smaller
The Maxillary Second Molars from an Occlusal View is ___ in shape.
Rhomboidal or heart-shaped
The Maxillary Second Molars from an Occlusal View is ___ in shape.
Rhomboidal or heart-shaped
The Maxillary Second Molars from an Occlusal View, the more common shape of maxillary second molars is the ______
rhomboidal type; is similar to that of the first molar but with an even more accentuated outline
The Maxillary Second Molars from an Occlusal View, the less common shape of maxillary second molars is the
heart-shaped type; is more similar to the shape of a maxillary third molar
The Maxillary Second Molars from an Occlusal View the general outline of the crown is___ mesiodistally than a maxillary first molar.
narrower
In occlusal view Rhomboidal type maxillary second molars the DL cusp is___ than heart-shaped type
larger
In occlusal view Heart-shaped type maxillary second molars are DL cusp is quite small or large?
Small
The maxillary second molars has a prominent ___ ridge that crosses the occlusal surface obliquely (diagonally).
oblique
The oblique ridge of a maxillary second molars is more or less prominent than max. first molar?
Less
What are the teeth numbers for the maxillary third molars in the Universal Numbering System?
1 & 16
What are the Eruption Date for the maxillary third molars?
17-21 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification for maxillary third molars?
7-9 years old
When is Crown completion for maxillary third molars?
12-16 years old
When is Root completion for maxillary third molars?
18-25 years old
The maxillary third molars are the____ upper tooth from the back.
1st
Maxillary third molars erupt____ to the maxillary second molars
distal
Maxillary third molars are____ (they do not replace any primary teeth)
nonsuccedaneous
Maxillary third molars are composed of____ developmental lobes.
4
There is little or much variation observed for maxillary third molars?
Much
Is it true that there is no standard description for maxillary third molars?
Yes
When maxillary third molars well-formed, are they smaller or larger than the other maxillary molars?
Smaller
Maxillary third molars have similar or different anatomy to the other maxillary molars?
Similar
On maxillary third molars are there more or less supplemental grooves present?
More
The supplemental grooves of maxillary third molars are ____
small and indistinct
How many roots do maxillary third molars have?
3 roots
The roots of maxillary third molars usually are not diverged but oftentimes is
fused
The Roots of maxillary third molars are more or less divergent than a maxillary first or second molar?
Less
Fusion of roots is more common in______ than maxillary first molars
maxillary second molars and maxillary third molars
Maxillary third molars are _____in shape
Rhomboidal or heart-shaped
The more common heart-shaped type of maxillary third molars is more similar to the shape of a _______.
maxillary second molar
Maxillary third molars have more supplemental grooves on the ____surface.
occlusal
Maxillary third molars typically have how many cusps?
3 cusps
What are the three cusps of maxillary third molars?
MB, ML, and DB
The less common rhomboidal type of maxillary third molars have how many cusps?
4 cusps
What are the 4 cusps of maxillary third molars?
MB, ML, DB and DL
The DL cusp of maxillary third molars is
small and nonfunctional
Is the oblique ridge present on the occlusal surface of maxillary third molars?
Oblique ridge often not present
The roots of maxillary third molars generally are poorly or well developed?
Poorly
The roots of maxillary third molars are shorter than
first and second molar roots
The Roots of maxillary third molars curve
distally
What are two clinical conditions common in maxillary third molars?
Impaction and Microdontia
Mandibular molars typically erupt between ___ before the corresponding maxillary molars.
6 months to 1 year
Mandibular molars are wider____
mesiodistally
Mandibular molars are ______ in shape from an occlusal view
Rectangular or pentagonal
Crowns of mandibular molars have a strong____ inclination
lingual
Crowns of mandibular molars have a______ shape from a proximal view
rhomboidal
Mandibular molars usually have how many major cusps?
4 or 5 major cusps
Mandibular molars have many roots? And how many canals?
2 roots (bifurcated), 2 or more pulp canals
What are the teeth numbers mandibular first molars in the Universal Numbering System?
19 & 30
When is the Eruption Date for mandibular first molars?
6-7 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification for mandibular first molars?
birth
When is the Crown completion for mandibular first molars?
2.5-3 years old
When is Root completion for mandibular first molars?
9-10 years old
Mandibular first molars are the___ lower tooth from the back.
3rd
Mandibular first molars erupt___ to the mandibular second premolars
distal
Mandibular first molars are_____ (they do not replace any primary teeth)
nonsuccedaneous
Mandibular first molars can be the first permanent teeth to erupt in the oral cavity. Is this true?
Yes
Mandibular first molars are composed of ______developmental lobes
Five
Widest tooth mesiodistally in the permanent dentition
Mandibular first molars
How many functional cusps do mandibular first molars have?
5 functional cusps
What are the names of the 5 functional cusps of mandibular first molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
- Distal (occasionally missing)
How many roots do mandibular first molars have?
2 roots
The roots of mandibular first molars are____ separated.
Widely
What are the names of the mandibular first molar roots?
- Mesial
- Distal
The mesial root of mandibular first molar roots is____
wider and stronger
How many pulp canals are in the 2 roots of mandibular first molars?
2 or 3 pulp canals (mesial root may have 2 canals)
The roots of mandibular first molars are usually the same length but if one is longer, it’s typically the
mesial root
From this buccslview, which cusps of mandibular first molars are visible?
at least some part of all 5 cusps is visible
Which is the widest cusp for mandibular first molars?
Mesiobuccal cusp is largest and widest, with the highest cusp on the buccal side
The distobucal cusp of mandibular first molars is slightly___,___ and ____ than the MB cusp
smaller, shorter, and sharper
The mandibular first molar has a Distal cusp (despite its name), but is also considered a____ cusp due to its position on that side
buccal
Which is the lowest and sharpest cusp of these three for mandibular first molars? Distal cusp, DB cusp or MB cusp?
Distal cusp
The mesialbuccal and distobuccal Cusps of mandibular first molars are divided by
buccal grooves
The MB groove of mandibular first molars usually ends in a
buccal pit
From the lingual view, the Lingual aspect of mandibular first molars is similar to the
buccal aspect
How many cusps are on the lingual aspect of mandibular first molars?
Two lingual cusps
* ML
* DL
The ML and DL cusps of mandibular first molars are
pointed
From the lingual aspect, the mandibular first molar has a distal cusp that is divided by a
lingual groove
____divides the ML and DL cusps of mandibular first molars.
Lingual groove
Lingual grooves of mandibular first molars commonly ends in a
lingual pit
From the lingual view, there is a ______at root bifurcation for mandibular first molars.
deep developmental depression
From the proximal view, mandibular first molars are inclined toward the
lingual
From the proximal Mesial View, mandibular first molars’_____ cusps visible from this view
MB and ML
From the proximal mesial view of mandibular first molars, the_____ is usually about 1mm below cusp tips
Mesial marginal ridge
From the proximal mesial view of the root of mandibular first molars, there is a
Concave area at cervical third of crown that continues onto root (similar to the deep concavity of a maxillary first premolar)
From the proximal mesial view of mandibular first molars, the root is ____but, tapers in the ____
Broad and straight ; apical third
From the proximal mesial view of mandibular first molars, there is a_____ on root
Broad concavity or depression
From the proximal Distal View of mandibular first molars, the____ cusps visible from this view.
DB and DL
When comparing the crowns of the proximal mesial view and proximal distal view of mandibular first molars, which crown is shorter?
The distal proximal view
From the proximal distal view of mandibular first molars ___cusps are seen
some of all
The mandibular first molar converges toward the___ when seen from a proximal distal view, making some of the____ aspect visible
distal; buccal
From the occlusal view, mandibular first molars are____ in shape.
Pentagonal
From the occlusal view of the mandibular first molars, the lingual outline is divided into two parts by the
lingual groove
From the occlusal view, mandibular first molars mesial outline is divided into two parts by the
mesial marginal groove
From the occlusal view, mandibular first molars Distal outline is the shortest or longest of the sides?
Shortest
From the occlusal view, mandibular first molars Distal outline is divided into two parts by the
distal marginal groove
From the occlusal view, mandibular first molars typically have___ functional cusps
Five
What are the cusps of mandibular first molars from largest to smallest?
- MB
- ML
- DL
- DB
- Distal
The distal cusp of mandibular first molars is sharp or round?
Sharp
How many marginal ridges do mandibular first molars have?
Two marginal ridges are present
What are the two marginal ridges of mandibular first molars?
- Mesial marginal ridge
- Distal marginal ridge
What are the Teeth numbers for mandibular second molars in the Universal Numbering System?
18 & 31
When is the Eruption Date for mandibular second molars?
11-13 years old
When is the First evidence of calcification for mandibular second molars?
2.5-3 years old
When is Crown completion for mandibular second molars?
7-8 years old
When is Root completion for mandibular second molars?
14-15 years old
Mandibular second molars are the___ lower tooth from the back
2nd
Mandibular second molars erupt____ to the mandibular first molars
distal
Mandibular second molars are___ (they do not replace any primary teeth).
non succedaneous
Mandibular second molars are Composed of 4 developmental lobes.
4
Mandibular second molars are Smaller or larger than the mandibular first molar?
Smaller
Mandibular second molars have___ cusps. (How many?)
4
What are the names of the cusps of Mandibular second molars?
- Mesiobuccal
- Distobuccal
- Distolingual
- Mesiolingual
How many roots do mandibular second molars have?
2 roots
How many canals do mandibular second molars have?
2 or 3 canals
How many canals can the mesial root of mandibular second molars have?
mesial root can have 2 canals
What are the names of the two roots for mandibular second molars?
- Mesial
- Distal
Do mandibular second molars have root depressions?
Yes
The root depressions of mandibular second molars are deeper or shallower than the root depressions on a mandibular first molar?
Shallower
Fusion of roots is more common in which? mandibular second molars or mandibular first molars
Mandibular second molars
From the buccal view, mandibular second molars buccal groove divides
the mesiobuccal cusp and distobuccal cusp
From the buccal view, of the mandibular second molars’ mesiobuccal cusp and distobuccal cusp, which is bigger?
They are the same size
From the buccal view, the mandibular second molars’ Contact areas for are at the
junction of the middle and occlusal third
From the buccal view, the mandibular second molars’ Cusps are divided by
buccal grooves
Like mandibular first molars, mandibular second molars Lingual aspect___ to the buccal aspect.
similar
From the lingual aspect of mandibular second molars, are the Buccal cusps visible?
No
How many cusps does the lingual aspect of mandibular second molars have?
2 lingual cusps
What are the 2 lingual cusps of mandibular second molars?
- ML
- DL
Are the cusps of ML and DL of mandibular second molars pointed or dull?
pointed
Which of the lingual cusps of mandibular second molars are bigger?
They are the same-size
From the proximal view of mandibular second molars, the Buccal height of contour is at the
cervical third
From the proximal view of mandibular second molar The Lingual height of contour is
Middle third
From the proximal view of mandibular second molar, the root is but tapers in the
Broad and straight;apical third
When viewed from proximal mesial and distal views, are there marginal grooves on mandibular second molars?
No
From a proximal view of mandibular second molars, the ____cusps are visible from this view.
DB and DL
In the proximal view of mandibular second molars, the crown shorter on___, so some of all cusps are seen.
distal
When viewed from proximal of mandibular second molars, Since the crown is shorter on the distal, ____can be seen.
Some of all cusps
From the occlusal surface, mandibular second molars are___ in shape.
Rectangular
The Lingual outline of mandibular second molars is divided into two parts by the
lingual groove
The Mesial outline of mandibular second molars is divided into two parts by the
mesial marginal groove
The Distal outline (shortest of the sides) of mandibular second molars is divided into two parts by the
distal marginal groove
Which outline of the mandibular second molars is shortest?
Distal outline
From an occlusal view of mandibular second molars , they have how many cusps?
4 cusps
What are the 4 cusps of mandibular second molars?
- МВ
- DB
- ML
- DL
Other than marginal ridges what other types of ridge are present on mandibular second molars?
Transverse ridges
How many transverse ridges are present on mandibular second molars?
Two
Cross-shaped groove pattern on the occlusal surface of mandibular second molars formed by a
well-defined central groove crossing the well-defined buccal and lingual grooves
What are the Teeth numbers for mandibular third molars in the Universal Numbering System?
17 & 32
When is Eruption Date for mandibular third molars ?
17-21 years old
When is First evidence of calcification for mandibular third molars?
8-10 years old
When is Crown completion for mandibular third molars ?
12-16 years old
When is Root completion for mandibular third molars?
18-25 years old
mandibular third molars are the___ lower tooth from the back
2nd
mandibular third molars erupt___ to the mandibular second molars
Distal
mandibular third molars are_____ (they do not replace any primary teeth)
nonsuccedaneous
mandibular third molars are Composed of___ developmental lobes
4
Much or less variation observed for mandibular third molars ?
Much
Is there a standard description for mandibular third molars?
No
mandibular third molars Crown often is atypical or typical?
Atypical
When well-formed mandibular third molars Smaller or larger than the other mandibular molars?
Smaller
mandibular third molars has____ anatomy to the other mandibular molars
Similar
mandibular third molars can either be ____or shaped?
Heart or oval
mandibular third molars have More or less supplemental grooves present?
More
The supplemental grooves on mandibular third molars are
small, indistinct
mandibular third molars have how many roots?
2 roots
Often times the roots of mandibular third molars are
fused
Fusion of roots is very or not very common in mandibular third molars
Very common
mandibular third molars are wider____
buccolingually on the mesial than on the distal
mandibular third molars mesial cusps larger or smaller than distal cusps?
Larger
Occlusal surface of mandibular third molars appears
wrinkled
Occlusal surface of mandibular third molars appears
wrinkled
Mandibular third molars have an____ groove pattern.
irregular
The occlusal of mandibular third molars has____ supplemental grooves and occlusal pits.
numerous
If an excess of grooves and pits is present in , mandibular third molars it is described as
Crenulated
Partial eruption of these teeth is common.
mandibular third molars
mandibular third molars that partially erupt often leave surrounding gingival tissue covering the occlusal surface. This tissue covering is called an
operculum
___is an infection around the crown of a partially erupted tooth.
Pericoronitis
Pericoronitis is usually due to
poor homecare
_____is a very serious and rare condition that can develop from a Pericoronitis infection.
Ludwig angina
Ludwig angina can cause
Cellulitis and Impaired breathing
What is a Dentigerous cyst?
A developmental cyst that can form within the dental tissue of an impacted crown
Congenital syphylis can cause development of
mulberry molars
What are mulberry molars?
The molars will present with a crown with an abnormal shaped occlusal surface
mulberry molars are Characterized by
berry-like nodules or tubercles of enamel instead of cusps
What is an Enamel Pearl?
Its a Developmental disturbance of “Cervical enamel projections” associated with molars that is mainly found on buccal surfaces of second molars (but can be found anywhere)
What is the Common cause of furcation involvement?
Enamel Pearl
What is Furcation Involvement?
Furcation of a tooth (that is normally covered by alveolus) loses bony support
Furcation involvement occurs with loss of
periodontal support
A tooth that loses bony support in the area of the furcation is said to have
furcation involvement
Furcation involvement can be measured and classified with a
Nabor’s Probe
