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Dental Tissues > Cell And Tissues > Flashcards

Cell And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology; AKA microanatomy

A

the study of microscopic structure and function of cells and associated tissue

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2
Q

Cell

A

the smallest living unit of organization in the body

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3
Q

Tissue

A

Cells with similar characteristics of form and function are grouped together

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4
Q

Organ

A

Various tissue types are bonded together to form a somewhat independent body part that performs a specific function(s)

A collection of tissues made of similarly specialized cells

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5
Q

System

A

Organs functioning together

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6
Q

cellular division

A

Cells in a tissue undergo cellular division to reproduce themselves and replace dead tissue cells as a result of this division process, two daughter cells are formed which are identical to each other and identical to the original parent cell

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7
Q

Exocytosis

A

Active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment

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8
Q

Cells are surrounded by a____ that consists predominantly of____

A

cell membrane (or plasma membrane); phospholipids and proteins

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9
Q

Phospholipids in the cell membrane serve as the_____because they_____

A

diffusion regulators; selectively allow certain molecules to pass through based on their size, charge, and polarity. Overall, they control movement of substances into and out of the cell, thus maintaining the cell’s internal environment

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

• Semifluid part contained within the cell membrane boundary

• Also includes the cytoskeleton, which provides a skeletal system of support

• Contains a number of structures called organelles

• Also contains spaces or cavities called vacuoles

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11
Q

Organelles

A

• Metabolically active specialized structures within the cell in the cytoplasm
• Allows each cell to function according to its genetic code

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12
Q

Vacuoles

A

Spaces or cavities within the cytoplasm inside the cell

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13
Q

Nucleus (plural, nuclei)

A

Largest, densest, most conspicuous organelle in the cell when viewed microscopically. The nucleus is the cell’s “data bank” because it stores the genetic code. It is also the “command center” of the cell, controlling the other organelles in the cell and is influenced by what occurs inside the cell as well as outside the cell

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14
Q

Primary nucleic acid in the nuceloplasm is___

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in the form of chromatin

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15
Q

The nucleus of a cell looks like____ when viewed at lower-power microscopically

A

diffuse stippling

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16
Q

_____in the nucleus give directions for everything the cell is and will become and controls all functions the cell performs

A

DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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17
Q

Deocyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

The hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms mostly located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA with a small amount found in the mitochondria where it is called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA

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18
Q

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases:

A

• Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T)

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19
Q

In an actively dividing cell, chromatin _____

A

condenses into rodlike chromosomes.

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20
Q

In the nucleus, three very important types of RNA are produced:

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are complementary copies of distinct segments of DNA;

transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which are capable of specifically binding to and transporting amino acid units for protein synthesis;

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules

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21
Q

centromere

A

A clear, constricted area near the middle of every chromosome. Chromosomes become two filamentous (threadlike) chromatids (or sister chromosomes) joined by one centromere during cell division.

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22
Q

during cell division Sister chromatids remain attached at the_____.these sister chromatids eventually will_____ during cell division and become____

A

centromere; separate; individual “daughter chromosomes” that are distributed to the newly formed daughter cells, ensuring each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information

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23
Q

DNA replication is the process where___

A

a cell duplicates its DNA, creating two identical copies of each chromosome, which are called “sister chromatids”

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24
Q

Neoplasm

A

The fluid part within the nucleus that contains molecules used in the construction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear materials

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25
Q

Surrounds the outer part of nucleus

A

Double layered nuclear envelope which is a membrane similar to the cell membrane but the nuclear envelope is pierced by nuclear pores which create avenues of communication between inner neoplasm and outer cytoplasm

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26
Q

nucleolus

A

Prominent, rounded, centrally placed organelle inside of nucleus

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

The most numerous organelle in the cell associated with energy conversion and is often called the “powerhouse of the cell”
because it is responsible for generating most of the cell’s chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called aerobic respiration. In this process, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria also help balance the concentration of water, calcium, and other ions in the cytoplasm.

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny, sphere shaped organelles produced in the nucleolus from RNA and protein molecules and assembled in the cytoplasm. They process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins. Can float freely in the cytoplasm, OR can be connected to endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

ER of cell

A

A network of interconnected membrane-bound sacs and tubules within a cell’s cytoplasm. Which is primarily responsible for: Synthesizing proteins (RER) and lipids (SER) and Folding and modifying proteins, and transporting molecules throughout the cell. It exists in two forms: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) which has ribosomes attached to its surface and is the ER primarily involved in protein synthesis and modification. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) which lacks ribosomes and has different functions depending on the cell type but is mainly involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification in some cells

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30
Q

Golgi apparatus (Golgi complex)

A

The second largest organelle after the nucleus. Composed of stacks of 3 to 20 flattened smooth-membrane vesicular sacs arranged parallel to one another. Functions as a processing and packaging center, receiving proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), further modifying them, and then sorting and directing them to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell newly forming vesicle. It also produces lysosomes

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31
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-bound vesicles of enzymes originally produced on the RER but then are transported for packaging in the Golgi complex and there develops as a bud that pinches off the end of one of the Golgi complex’s flattened sacs. Lysosomes digest various waste and foreign materials in or outside/around the cell. This function occurs during phagocytosis. Lysosomes break down many kinds of molecules using the powerful hydrolytic and digestive enzymes contained within them

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32
Q

The main hydrolytic enzyme in lysosomes is

A

hyaluronidase

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33
Q

Centrosome

A

Dense, oval shaped organelle that contain a pair of cylindrical structures, called the centrioles always located near the nucleus. They play a significant role in forming the mitotic spindle apparatus during cell division. There are two centrioles within the centrosome, and each is composed of triplets of microtubules arranged in a cartwheel pattern. Without this self-replicating centriole-centrosome unit, a cell from the body cannot reproduce

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34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A three-dimensional system of support for the cell made of Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments and Microtubules. This design lends basic stability to the cell as a whole. In addition, the cytoskeleton helps the cell move with Cilia - shorter, numerous projections and Flagella - fewer, longer projections

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35
Q

Inclusions

A

Non-living structures found in the cytoplasm of a cell. Made up of molecules like proteins, lipids, glycogen, and nucleic acids. Mainly formed to store reserved materials. Released by the cell and used as needed

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36
Q

Mitosis

A

A complex process of cell division involving many organelles in a cell. Before cell division, the DNA is replicated during interphase as part of the cell cycle, which is the cell’s “living” time. Following interphase, mitosis occurs in four stage (Prophase, metaphase anaphase, and telophase) with the cell’s nuclear material and other cytoplasmic components dividing so that the resulting production is of two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell as well as to each other. Mitosis functions during tissue growth or regeneration. Its activity is dependent on the length of the individual cell’s lifespan

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37
Q

Describe what happens during the phases of mitosis

A

Interphase
The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin.

Prophase
The chromosomes appear condensed, and the nuclear envelope in not apparent.

Metaphase
Thick, coiled chromosomes, each with two chromatids, are lined up on the metaphase plate.

Anaphase
The chromatids of each chromosome have separated and are moving toward the poles.

Telophase
The chromosomes are at the poles, and are becoming more diffuse. The nuclear envelope is reforming. The cytoplasm may be dividing.

Cytokinesis
(part of telophase)
Division into two daughter cells is completed.

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38
Q

Tissue fluid

A

aka interstitial fluid, provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, transporting substances; helps carry out chemical reactions

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39
Q

Some cells in tissues are joined by Mechanical attachments called

A

intercellular junctions.

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40
Q

Desmosome

A

An intercellular junction between cells

Example: superficial layers of the skin or oral mucosa use desmosomes to connect cells

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41
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

An intercellular junction between a cell and an adjacent noncellular surface

• Example: attaching epithelium to connective tissue

Hemidesmosomes are involved in securing gingival tissue to the tooth surface by the epithelial attachment

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42
Q

Tissue types are categorized according to four basic histologic types:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue

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43
Q

Types of epithelium

A

Simple: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified
Stratified: Squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized), cuboidal, columnar, transitional

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44
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Solid soft: Connective tissue proper, specialized (adipose, fibrous, elastic, reticular)

Solid firm: Cartilage

Solid rigid: Bone

Fluid: Blood, lymph

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45
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Involuntary: Smooth, cardiac

Voluntary: Skeletal

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46
Q

Types of Nerve tissue

A

Afferent: Sensory
Efferent: Motor

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47
Q

during prenatal development, embryonic cell layers differentiate into the various basic embryologic tissue types:

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

These will later form into the basic histologic tissue types of the body

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48
Q

Endoderm layer becomes:

A

1) Digestive system
2) Liver
3) Pancreas
4) Lungs (inner layers)

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49
Q

Mesoderm layer becomes

A

1) Circulatory system
2) Lungs (epithelial layers)
3) Skeletal system
4) Muscular system

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50
Q

Ectoderm layer becomes:

A

1) Hair
2) Nails
3) Skin
4) Nervous system
5) oral mucosa

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51
Q

For the Process regeneration of tissues, when cells die, they are

A

removed from the tissue and new cells take their place

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52
Q

Regeneration of tissue is the____ of a tissue and thus an organ produced by ______.

A

natural renewal; growth and differentiation of new cells into the same type of tissue that has been destroyed or from its precursor

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53
Q

turnover time

A

the time it takes for the newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout the tissue. Turnover time differs for each of the basic tissue types in the orofacial region, as well as for specific regions of the oral cavity.

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54
Q

Epithelium is vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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55
Q

Basement membrane

A

Acellular Membrane located between most epithelium and deeper connective tissue
produced by the overlying epithelium as well as the adjoining connective tissue

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56
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

the process by which cells change from an immature, unspecialized state to a mature, specialized state

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57
Q

cells in the epithelium undergo what to regenerate?

A

Mitosis, and quite quickly (highly regenerative)

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58
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Consists of flattened platelike epithelial cells or squames.

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59
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

consists of cube-shaped cells.

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60
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

consists of rectangular cells.

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61
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Falsely appears as multiple cell layers when viewed with lower-power magnification due to the cells’ nuclei appearing at different levels.

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62
Q

Make up the majority of epithelium in the body

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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63
Q

Type of tissue in superficial layer oral mucosa

A

Nonkeratinized stratified epithelium tissue can be found in certain regions of the oral mucosa as well as keratinized stratified epithelium

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64
Q

Keratin

A

found within the the keratinized tissue is a tough, fibrous, opaque, and waterproof protein that is resistant to pathogenic invasion and friction

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65
Q

Example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is epidermis, which is the

A

superficial layer of the skin

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66
Q

Epidermis has varying degrees of keratinization depending on

A

the region of the body

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67
Q

Keratin is produced during the

A

maturation of the keratinocyte epithelial cells

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68
Q

The turnover time for all types of epithelium is___compared to connective tissue.

A

faster

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69
Q

Repair after injury of epithelium of the oral mucosa or skin

A
  1. Immediately after an injury to the skin or oral mucosa, a clot from blood-related products forms in the area
  2. Inflammatory response is triggered by the white blood cells from the blood supply as they migrate into the tissue
  3. Epithelial cells at the periphery of the injury will lose their desmosomal intercellular junctions and migrate to form a new epithelial surface layer beneath the clot
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70
Q

Connective tissue derived from_____ during prenatal development

A

somites

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71
Q

___gives rise to somites that will give rise to muscle tissue

A

Differentiated mesoderm

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72
Q

Somites are located___

A

on the sides of the developing central nervous system

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73
Q

Functions of connective tissue:

A

Connective tissue is involved in support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair, and defense

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74
Q

Connective tissue is composed of

A

Loosely packed tissue except for adipose tissue (composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart) and matrix

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75
Q

Soft connective tissue

A

includes the tissue found in the deeper layers of both the skin and oral mucosa, such as a connective tissue proper

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76
Q

Firm connective tissue

A

consists of different types of cartilage

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77
Q

Hard form of connective tissue consists of

A

bone

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78
Q

Fluid connective tissue consists of

A

blood with all its components and lymph

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79
Q

Both loose and dense types of connective tissue are found together in two adjoining layers as the

A

connective tissue proper

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80
Q

Connective tissue proper is found

A

deep to the epithelium and basement membrane, in the deeper layers of both the skin and oral mucosa

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81
Q

Connective tissue proper in the skin is the

A

dermis and is found deep to the epidermis

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82
Q

Deeper to the dermis is the

A

hypodermis or Subcutaneous tissue

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83
Q

Subcutaneous tissue is Composed of

A

loose connective tissue and adipose connective tissue, as well as glandular tissue, large blood vessels, and nerves

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84
Q

In oral mucosa, the connective tissue proper is considered the___
• The even deeper connective tissue sometimes present is the____, similar to the hypodermis in the skin

A

lamina propria; submucosa

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85
Q

The superficial layer of both the dermis of the skin and lamina propria of the oral mucosa is composed of___

In both the dermis and lamina propria of oral mucosa, this layer of loose connective tissue is also considered___

A

loose connective tissue; the papillary layer

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86
Q

The papillary layer Forms____ which is interdigitated with the epithelial rete ridges

A

connective tissue papillae

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87
Q

Deep to the loose connective tissue in the deepest layers of both the dermis and lamina propria is

The dense connective tissue in both the dermis and lamina propria is also considered the___

A

dense connective tissue; dense layer (or reticular layer)

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88
Q

Turnover of the connective tissue proper in skin or oral mucosa occurs as a result of

A

the production of fibers and intercellular substance by the fibroblasts during regeneration

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89
Q

Immature connective tissue is considered_____

A

granulation tissue and has few fibers and an increased number of blood vessels

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90
Q

Granulation tissue can clinically appear as

A

a redder soft tissue that bleeds easily after injury or surgery

• Example: In the oral cavity after a tooth extraction

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91
Q

Later, during the repair process, temporary granulation tissue is replaced by

A

paler and firmer scar tissue in the area. It is paler because scar tissue contains an increased amount of fibers and fewer blood vessels

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92
Q

Aging process in skin

A

By age 20, skin begins to deteriorate

By age 50, skin is in a rapid state of degradation

Collagen fibers begin to fall apart

Elastic fibers stiffen and thicken, which wrinkles the skin

Oil glands in skin cease production

Melanin production decreases, leading to more pallid color and gray hairs

Keratin cells cease production and already produced keratin becomes thin and stiff

Aging skin begins to heal poorly

Fibroblasts have less replication activity

Skin also becomes susceptible to disease states that include inflammation (such as with dermatitis), infection (such as with herpes zoster), and cancer (such as with basal cell carcinoma and melanoma)

Solar damage will accelerate the aging process in skin, as does increased environmental toxicity (chronic alcohol and tobacco use)

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93
Q

Specialized connective tissue includes:

A

• Adipose tissue
• Elastic connective tissue
• Reticular connective tissue

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94
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

• Fatty tissue made of adipocyte cells that store fat inter-cellularly packed tightly together with little or no matrix

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95
Q

Elastic connective tissue has a large number of ___in its matrix

A

elastic fibers

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96
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers

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97
Q

Cartilage

A

Firm and Flexible Nonmineralized connective tissue composed of cells and matrix.

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98
Q

Two ways that cartilage can grow

A

Interstitial growth
Appositional growth

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99
Q

Cartilage takes____ to repair than vascularized bone

A

longer

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100
Q

Cartilage Repair & Aging In the TMJ:

A

• Cartilage may form abnormally within an aging joint disc that is usually only composed of dense fibrous connective tissue
• May cause difficulties with movement
• With aging, the entire disc thins and may undergo this addition of cartilage in the central region

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101
Q

Hard and rigid form of connective tissue that constitutes most of the mature skeleton is the

A

bone

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102
Q

Bone function

A

protective and structural support for soft tissue and as an attachment mechanism

Aids in movement

Manufactures blood cells through its red bone marrow

Is an energy bank through its yellow marrow

Is a storehouse for calcium and other minerals

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103
Q

alveolus (alveolar bone)

A

Bone surrounds the root(s) of a tooth

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104
Q

Is bone vascular?

A

Yes

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105
Q

Bone hardness comes from

A

crystalline formation of mostly calcium hydroxyapatite.

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106
Q

Bone has two methods of development:

A

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

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107
Q

The first bone to be produced by either method of ossification is

A

an immature bone, the primary bone (or woven bone.

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108
Q

Primary bone is a temporary tissue that is replaced by

A

the more mature secondary bone.

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109
Q

The overall structure of bone never remains the same and is constantly being remodeled or regenerated. True or false?

A

True

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110
Q

Localized resorption

A

occurs in a specific area of a bone as a result of infection, altered mechanical stress, or pressure on the bone so that it adapts by removing bone tissue

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111
Q

Generalized resorption

A

occurs over the entire skeleton in varying amounts because of endocrine activity, to increase blood levels of calcium and phosphate needed by the body

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112
Q

Bone mass or density can increasingly be lost in women after____

A

menopause with the bones losing calcium and other minerals

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113
Q

Blood

A

Blood Fluid connective tissue composed of a matrix of plasma and formed elements

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114
Q

Plasma

A

the fluid substance in the blood vessels that carries plasma proteins, blood cells, and metabolites

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115
Q

The most common WBC in the connective tissue proper is the

A

macrophage

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116
Q

PRP

A

Platelet rich plasma

a biologic therapy that uses a patient’s own blood to accelerate healing and repair

Now increase in the use of PRP
during dental surgery. Used to support both soft and hard tissue healing

PRP is made by drawing blood from a patient, spinning it in a centrifuge to separate the blood components, and concentrating the platelets in a small amount of plasma. Platelets contain growth factors that stimulate stem cells to produce new tissue

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117
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the hard palate?

A

24 days

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118
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the floor of the mouth?

A

20 days

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119
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the buccal and labial mucosa?

A

14 days

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120
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the attached gingiva?

A

10 days

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121
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the taste buds?

A

10 days

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122
Q

What is the turnover time for the tissues of the junctional epithelium?

A

4-6 days

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123
Q

Where would you find type 2 collagen?

A

Hyaline and elastic cartilage

124
Q

Where would you find type 3 collagen?

A

In granulation tissue by type 1, reticular fibers, arterial walls, skin, intestines and uterus

125
Q

Where would you find type 4 collagen?

A

In basal laminae of basement membrane, eye lens, filtration system of capillaries, kidney’s nephron glomeruli

126
Q

Location of hyaline, elastic and fibro- cartilage and function (table)

A

Hyaline: LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints, supporting the larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum

FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces

ELASTIC CARTILAGE
LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory tube; cuneiform
cartilages or larynx

FUNCTIONS: Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

FIBROUS CARTILAGE

LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs

FUNCTIONS: Resists compression;
prevents bone-to-bone contact; limits relative movement

127
Q

Endocytosis-

A

Uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell

128
Q

Phagocytosis-

A

A special form of endocytosis where large particles (microorganisms and dead cells) are ingested via large endocytic vesicles called phagosomes

129
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane are the _____and serve as_______.

A

structural reinforcements; receptors for specific hormones, neurotransmitters, and immunoglobulins (or antibodies) and also perform various functions like transporting molecules across the membrane, cell signaling, and maintaining cell structure.

130
Q

Human DNA consists of about ____bases, and____ of those bases are the same in all people

A

3 billion; more than 99%

131
Q

The____of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism

A

order, or sequence,

132
Q

Before cell division, new DNA must be____. These genes, linked into chromosomes, are then____during cell division.

A

synthesized and every single gene must be replicated; separated into duplicate sets

133
Q

Cells in tissue are surrounded by extracellular materials like

A

Tissue fluid and intercellular fluid

134
Q

Intercellular substance

A

aka ground substance, shapeless, colorless, transparent material in which the cells of a tissue are imbedded; fills the spaces between cells in a tissue

135
Q

Mechanical attachments or intercellular junctions can be formed between

A

cells or formed between cells and nearby noncellular surfaces

136
Q

With the formation of intercellular junctions, the cell membranes of different cells___

A

come close together but do not completely attach

137
Q

Epithelium is Avascular tissue that consists of

A

closely grouped polyhedral cells capable of rapid cell turnover surrounded by very little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid

138
Q

Epithelium function

A

covers and lines both external and internal body surfaces to serve as a protective covering or lining.

involved in tissue absorption, secretion, sensory, and other specialized functions.

139
Q

Epithelium is unique because it can be derived from _____embryonic cell layers based on the location when developing

A

any of the three

140
Q

Epithelium is also unique because the cells are able to undergo ____as they move from the deeper germinal layers to the surface of the tissue.

A

cellular differentiation

141
Q

The superficial layer of the basement membrane is the

A

basal lamina

142
Q

The superficial layer of the basement membrane is produced by

A

epithelium

143
Q

The basal lamina consists of two sublayers:

A

• Lamina lucida - a clear layer that is closer to the epithelium
• Lamina densa is a dense layer that is closer to the connective tissue

144
Q

The deep layer of the basement membrane is usually the

A

reticular lamina

145
Q

The deep layer of the basement membrane consists of

A

type 4 collagen fibers and reticular fibers produced and secreted by the underlying connective tissue

146
Q

Simple squamous epithelium is found lining

A

blood vessels
lymphatic vessels
heart
interfaces in the lungs
Interfaces in the kidneys
serous cavities

147
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines

A

Line the ducts of various glands, such as certain ducts of the salivary glands

148
Q

Simple columnar epithelium is found lining

A

Lining of other salivary gland ducts, as well as the inner enamel epithelium of a maturing tooth germ, whose cells become enamel-forming ameloblasts

149
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium is found lining

A

the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

150
Q

Makes up the superficial layer or skin and the superficial layer of the oral mucosa.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

151
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Consists of multiple layers of squamous cells on a basement membrane

152
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium in the skin and oral mucosa interdigitates with

A

deeper connective tissue underneath forming rete ridges (or rete pegs).

153
Q

Two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinized or nonkeratinized.

154
Q

Cellular turnover of stratified squamous epithelium occurs through

A

cellular division (via mitosis) near the basement membrane

155
Q

After undergoing mitosis at the basement membrane during regeneration of epithelium, the cells___

A

migrate superficially by releasing and then regaining their desmosomal connections at the intercellular junctions in the more superficial location

156
Q

Turnover time for stratified epithelial tissue is the time taken for a

A

cell to divide during mitosis at the basement membrane and pass through the entire thickness of tissue to the surface. Older, superficial epithelial cells are being shed or lost at the same rate as the deeper germinal cells are dividing into more cells during turnover time

157
Q

Epithelium of the oral mucosa generally regenerates___ than the epithelium of the skin

A

faster

158
Q

Is connective tissue renewable?

A

Most connective tissue is renewable.

159
Q

Are the cells of connective tissue capable of mitosis?

A

Its cells are capable of mitosis

160
Q

Is connective tissue vascular or avascular?

A

In most cases, connective tissue is vascularized (except cartilage); each having its own blood supply

161
Q

The most common cell in all types of connective tissue is the

A

Fibroblast

162
Q

Fibroblasts are

A

fixed, flat and elongated spindle-shaped cells in connective tissue with cytoplasmic processes at each end

163
Q

Fibroblasts synthesize

A

certain types of protein fibers and intercellular substance (matrix) needed to sustain the connective tissue

164
Q

white blood cells may migrate from the blood supply into the connect tissue such as

A

monocytes (within tissue as macrophages), basophils, mast cells, lymphocytes (including associated plasma cells), and neutrophils.

165
Q

Differing types of protein fibers are found in various types of connective tissue. The main connective tissue fiber type found in the body is the

A

Collagen fiber

166
Q

Collagen fibers are composed of

A

the protein collagen and smaller subunits, fibrils which are made up of microfibrils .

167
Q

Over 29 types of collagen have been identified. Over 90% of the collagen in the body is types

A

I to IV

168
Q

Type I collagen is most commonly found in

A

teeth, lamina propria of the oral mucosa, dermis of the skin, bone, tendons, etc.

169
Q

Cells responsible for the synthesis of Type I collagen include

A

fibroblasts and osteoblasts, which produce fibers and intercellular substance as well as bone and odontoblasts (which produce dentin)

170
Q

Elastic fiber is composed of

A

microfilaments embedded in the protein elastin.

171
Q

Presence of Elastic fibers in CT results in

A

a very elastic type of tissue.

172
Q

Tissue with elastic fibers has the ability to

A

stretch and then to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

173
Q

Certain regions in the oral cavity, such as___, contain elastic fibers in the____ to allow this type of stretchy tissue movement

A

the soft palate; connective tissue of lamina propria

174
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

There is soft, firm, hard and fluid connective tissue

175
Q

The overall turnover time for a connective tissue proper is___ than epithelium

A

slower

176
Q

Connective tissue proper demonstrates individual variance from region to region
When injured, the connective tissue proper in the skin and oral mucosa goes through stages of repair that are related to the events in the

A

more superficial epithelium

177
Q

Regeneration/ Repair process of connective tissue proper after injury

A
  1. Immediately after an injury to the skin or oral mucosa, a clot from blood-related products forms in the area
  2. Inflammatory response is triggered by the white blood cells from the blood supply as they migrate into the tissue
  3. Fibroblasts migrate to produce an immature connective tissue called granulation tissue which is red due to it containing many blood vessels and less fibers.
  4. Epithelial cells at the periphery of the injury will lose their desmosomal intercellular junctions and migrate to form a new epithelial surface layer beneath the clot
  5. Meanwhile The connective tissue matures into pale less vascular for fibrous scar tissue
178
Q

Adipose tissue is Found

A

beneath the skin, around organs and some joints, and in regions of the oral cavity

179
Q

After fibroblasts, the predominant type of cell found in adipose tissue is the

A

adipocyte

180
Q

Elastic fibers Combine ___

A

strength with elasticity, such as in the tissue of the vocal cords

181
Q

Reticular connective tissue function

A

supportive framework for blood vessels and internal organs

182
Q

The two types of cells in cartilage are

A

Immature chondroblasts and mature chondroblasts

183
Q

Immature chondroblasts lie in the___ and produce____.

A

perichondrium; cartilage matrix and chondrocytes which are Mature chondroblasts that maintain the cartilage matrix

184
Q

After the production of cartilage matrix, the chondrocyte becomes surrounded and enclosed by

A

the matrix with only a small space surrounding the chondrocyte within the cartilage matrix, the lacuna (plural, lacunae)

185
Q

The Matrix or surrounding medium of cartilage is composed of

A

fibers, mostly collagen, and intercellular substance.

186
Q

The matrix of cartilage is similar to soft connective tissue in composition, except that the matrix of cartilage is___.

A

firmer

187
Q

The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the

A

perichondrium

188
Q

Perichondroum

A

a fibrous connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels

189
Q

Why is the perichondrium important?

A

cartilage itself is avascular, receives its nutrition from perchondrium

190
Q

Importance of Cartilage in an embryo, after birth and during developement

A

It forms most of the temporary skeleton of an embryo

Cartilage serves as structural support for certain soft tissue after birth

Cartilage serves as a model or template in which certain bones of the body subsequently develop

191
Q

Cartilage is present at articular surfaces of most___

A

freely movable joints, such as the temporomandibular joint

192
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrous

193
Q

Most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

194
Q

What kind of fibers are in hyaline cartilages matrix?

A

contains only collagen fibers

195
Q

Elastic cartilage is Similar to hyaline cartilage except that____

A

is has numerous elastic fibers in its matrix in addition to collagen fibers

196
Q

Fibrocartilage is never found alone; merges gradually with its neighboring___

A

hyaline cartilage

197
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage

A

growth from deep within the tissue by the mitosis of each chondrocyte.

198
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage Produces larger numbers of

A

daughter cells within a single lacuna (each of which secretes more matrix), expanding the tissue.

199
Q

Important in the development of bone that uses cartilage as a model for its own formation during endochondral ossification

A

Interstitial growth if cartilage

200
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage

A

Layered growth on the outside of the tissue from produced by the outer layer of chondroblasts within the perichondrium.

201
Q

Is cartilage vascularized and have nerve supply?

A

No

202
Q

During repair, avascular cartilage is dependent on

A

neighboring connective tissue from the perichondrium for nutrition to transform it slowly into cartilage

203
Q

During repair of cartilage, the chondroblasts in the perichondrium undergo mitosis and produce

A

newly formed cartilage that then continues to slowly proliferates and fill in the defect by appositional growth

204
Q

As cartilage ages, it becomes____

A

less cellular with its chondrocytes dying

It may start to contain firm fibers splayed out in parallel groups, or it may even form areas of scattered mineralization. These tend to coalesce over time with the tissue becoming hard and brittle and losing flexibility

205
Q

Does bone repair quickly?

A

Yes

206
Q

Bone

A

rigid, hard connective tissue made of cells in matrix

207
Q

undergone the most developmental differentiation of all the connective tissue

A

Bone

208
Q

Outer part of bone is covered by

A

periosteum

209
Q

Periosteum

A

a double-layered, dense connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels and nerves in the outer layer and a single layer of cells that give rise to bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts in the inner layer.

210
Q

Deep to the periosteum is

A

a dense layer of compact bone

211
Q

Deep to the compact bone is

A

a spongy bone or cancellous bone.

212
Q

Both compact bone and cancellous bone have the same cellular components, but each has a

A

different arrangement of those components.

213
Q

Compact bone is strong and heavy because it has_______. Cancellous bone is light because it is____

A

fewer soft tissue spaces; formed by pieces of solid bone that join to form a lattice and has more soft tissue spaces

214
Q

Lining the medullary cavity of bone on the inside of the layers of compact bone and cancellous bone is the___.

A

endosteum

215
Q

Endoosteum Has the same composition as the periosteum but is___

A

thinner

216
Q

Deep to the endosteum lining of bone is the

A

medullary cavity

217
Q

In the Medullary cavity is the

A

bone marrow

218
Q

Bone marrow

A

Gelatinous substance; where the stem cells of the blood are located, lymphocytes are created, and B cells mature

219
Q

calcium hydroxyapatite crystal other than in bone is found in differing percentages in the

A

hard dental tissue, such as enamel, dentin, and cementum

220
Q

The matrix of bone is composed of

A

50% inorganic material (CHA), organic type 1 collagen fibers and intercellular substance

221
Q

Bone matrix is initially formed as

A

osteoid

222
Q

Bone matrix is initially formed as osteoid. Osteoid later undergoes_____

A

mineralization

223
Q

Osteoid is produced by

A

osteoblasts

224
Q

Osteoblasts

A

which are cuboidal cells that arise from fibroblasts

225
Q

Osteoblasts are involved in the____ to form bone

A

Production of Osteoid and later mineralization of osteoid

226
Q

Osteoblasts are always present in the

A

periosteum

227
Q

Why are Osteoblasts are always present in the periosteum?

A

Allows constant remodeling of bone or repair of injured bone

228
Q

The cells Within fully mineralized bone are

A

osteocytes

229
Q

Osteocytes

A

Entrapped, mature osteoblasts

230
Q

The cell body of the osteocyte is surrounded by bone, except for

A

the space immediately around it, the lacuna

231
Q

___of the osteocyte radiate outward in all directions in the bone

A

Cytoplasmic processes

232
Q

Cytoplasmic processes of the osteocyte radiate outward in all directions in the bone and are located in

A

tubular canals of matrix or canaliculi

233
Q

Purpose of canaliculi

A

These canals provide for interaction between the osteocytes

234
Q

Bone matrix in compact bone is layered into

A

closely apposed sheets, or lamellae

235
Q

Within and between the lamellae are

A

embedded osteocytes with their cytoplasmic processes in the canaliculi

236
Q

The highly organized arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone is the

A

Haversian system

237
Q

In the Haversian system, lamellae form concentric layers of matrix into

A

cylinders or osteons

238
Q

the unit of structure in compact bone

A

The osteon; consists of 5 to 20 lamellae

239
Q

The Haversian canal (or central canal) is a

A

central vascular canal within the each osteon, surrounded by the lamellae

240
Q

The Haversian canal contains

A

longitudinally running blood vessels, nerves, with a small amount of connective tissue and is lined by endosteum

241
Q

Haversian canals communicate

A

not only with each other but also with the osteocytic processes in the canaliculi, providing cellular nutrition for the surrounding bone

242
Q

This organized system of bone is noted within the structure of the alveolar bone proper

A

Haversian system

243
Q

Perpendicular canals Located on the outer part of the Haversian system in compact bone are

A

Volkmann canals

244
Q

Volkman canals

A

perpendicular nutrient canals that contain the same vascular and nerve components as the Haversian canals

245
Q

Volkman canals are lined by

A

endosteum

246
Q

These canals are noted within the alveolus or tooth socket so that it is sometimes referred to as the cribriform plate because they appear grossly as perforating holes

A

Volkman canals

247
Q

In contrast to highly organized compact bone, cancellous bone Has its bone matrix formed into____

A

trabeculae

248
Q

Lamellae of the matrix of cancellous bone are

A

not arranged into concentric layers around a central blood vessel as with the compact bone, but rather their concentric rings are formed into cone-shaped spicules

249
Q

For cancellous bone, Osteocytes in lacunae with their cytoplasmic processes are located

A

between the lamellae of the trabeculae

250
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Formation of osteoid between two dense connective tissue sheets, which then eventually replaces the outer connective tissue

251
Q

The maxilla and the majority of the mandible are formed by ___ossification

A

intramembranous

252
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Formation of the osteoid within a hyaline cartilage model that subsequently becomes mineralized and dies

253
Q

The head of the mandibular condyle is formed by____ ossification

A

endochondral

254
Q

The bone produced by the two ossification methods is microscopically

A

the same; only the process of formation is different

255
Q

Within primary bone, the lamellae are indistinct because of the

A

irregular arrangement of the collagen fibers and lamellae.

256
Q

Secondary bone has a ___arrangement of collagen fibers and___ lamellae

A

well-organized; distinct

257
Q

How function of the bone can be maintained in a healthy body during bone remodeling?

A

Bone undergoes removal in certain areas and new bone formation in other area.The two processes balancing each other

258
Q

Growth and repair of bone is thru ___growth

A

Appositional

259
Q

Appositional growth of bone is
accomplished by the

A

osteoblasts, which later become entrapped as osteocytes

260
Q

After bone fracture and during the repair of bone, bone also goes through the stages of bone formation, no matter how the bone initially developed. In the area to be repaired, bone forms initially as ___

A

primary bone, which matures into secondary bone to complete the repair.

261
Q

The repair of bone depends on

A

adequate blood supply, the presence of periosteum with active osteoblasts, and adequate mineral and vitamin levels

262
Q

Resorption of bone involves

A

the removal of bone.

263
Q

The cell that causes resorption of bone is the

A

Osteoclast

264
Q

Osteoclast is a ________cell located on the ____

A

a large multinucleated cell; surface of secondary bone in a large shallow pit created by this resorption, a Howship lacuna

265
Q

Osteoclasts are formed from

A

the fusion of numbers of macrophage blood cells.

266
Q

Each osteoclast contains a_____ in its cytoplasm.

A

large number of lysosomes

267
Q

The lysosomes in osteocytes are discharged into the surrounding tissue. The enzymes of the lysosomes then

A

break down the bone when the osteoclast attaches by way of its ruffled border

268
Q

Resorption of bone can occur in an___ during active advanced periodontal disease. Can also occur in a ____with orthodontic therapy

A

uncontrolled manner; controlled manner

269
Q

Loss of bone mass and density from menopause can become accelerated with the___

A

systemic bone disease of osteoporosis, especially for older women

270
Q

Osteoporosis is more common in

A

women

271
Q

Osteoporosis

A

is a pathophysiologic condition that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes

272
Q

Blood Serves as a

A

transport medium for cellular nutrients (respiratory gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide; metabolites for the body).

273
Q

Blood is carried in____-lined blood vessels

A

endothelium

274
Q

Most blood cells come from

A

a common stem cell in the bone marrow

275
Q

Formed elements in the blood include

A

numerous red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

276
Q

___are the most common/numerous cell in the blood (erythrocytes).

A

RBCs

277
Q

____are smaller than RBCs, disc-shaped, and also have no nucleus.

A

platelets or thrombocytes

278
Q

In even smaller numbers in the blood is the white blood cell (WBC) or___

A

leukocyte.

279
Q

WBCs form from

A

bone marrow stem cells.

280
Q

WBCs later mature in the

A

bone marrow or in various lymphatic organs.

281
Q

The most common WBC in the blood is the

A

neutrophil or polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte.

282
Q

These are the first cells to appear at an injury site when the inflammatory response is triggered.

A

Neutrophils

283
Q

Large numbers of the PMNs can be present in the____, in certain cases seen locally at the site of inflammation

A

suppuration or pus

284
Q

PMNs constitute___ of the total blood WBC count

A

54% to 62%

285
Q

The second most common WBC in the blood

A

lymphocyte

286
Q

lymphocyte makes up___ of the WBC count

A

25% to 33%

287
Q

There are three functional types of lymphocytes

A

B cell, T cell, and natural killer (NK) cell.

288
Q

___are produced by____ and are chemical mediators of the immune response

A

Cytokines; B and T cells

289
Q

B cells mature in the

A

bone marrow and gut-associated lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes

290
Q

The B-cell lymphocytes divide during the immune response to form

A

plasma cells

291
Q

Once mature, plasma cells produce

A

an immunoglobulin (Ig), or antibodies and one of the blood proteins.

292
Q

There are five distinct classes of immunoglobulins:

A

IgA (serum or secretory types), IgE, IgD, IgG, and IgM.

293
Q

Each plasma cell produces only

A

one specific class of immunoglobulin in response to a specific immunogen or antigen (body considers as foreign—triggers immune response)

294
Q

The T-cells mature in the

A

thymus gland

295
Q

NK cells mature in the

A

bone marrow.

296
Q

NK cells are large cells that are involved in

A

the first line of defense against tumor- or virally-infected cells by killing them and thus are not considered part of the immune response

297
Q

The most common WBC in the connective tissue proper is the

A

macrophage which was considered a monocyte before it migrates from the blood into the tissue.

298
Q

NK have a___ lifespan than PMNs but constitute only___of the WBC count

A

longer; 2% to 10%

299
Q

Macrophages contain___ enzymes

A

lysosomal

300
Q

Macrophages contain lysosomal enzymes, and are involved in___ (as are PMNs)

A

phagocytosis

301
Q

Macrophages are actively____and have the ability to respond to_____

A

mobile; chemotactic factors and cytokines

302
Q

Macrophages assist in the immune response to facilitate___

A

immunoglobulin production

303
Q

The eosinophil is usually only ___of the WBC count. Its percentage is increased during

A

6% ; a hypersensitivity response (allergy) and in parasitic diseases.

304
Q

The eosinophils primary function is

A

is the phagocytosis of immune complexes

305
Q

The basophil is normally found in___% of the WBC count

A

less than 1

306
Q

The basophil is involved in

A

hypersensitivity response releasing bioactive products

307
Q

Other WBCs located in the connective tissue include the mast cell, which is similar in structure to the___. Mast cells are involved in

A

basophil; a type of primitive hypersensitivity response that also releases bioactive products

Dental Tissues (15 decks)

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